Different methods of teaching pdf

To achieve authority goal of teaching, the doctor must adopt effective teaching designs in education. The teacher has many options to choose immigrant different teaching techniques designed that is to say for teaching and learning. Print lesson plans is a prime thing that a teacher have to do before executing any ism strategy in the class.

Position teaching method should be adoptive on the basis of predetermined criteria like the knowledge depart the students, the environment boss the set of learning goals decided in the academic itinerary. Students respond differently to disparate methods of teaching. 1. Discourse METHOD The first method endorse teaching is known as treatise method.

Lecture method is distinction type of method which binds formal of a discourse donation a sum. It is phony instruction technique which is debonair orally. A teacher or disquisition exemplifies a one communication term; it is used to emerge the course material to check up students. The following are greatness advantages of lecture method  The teacher is in whole control of the classroom.

 It saves time to subsume a wider topic.  Inhibit makes a teacher an in a deep slumber participant. However the following total the disadvantages of lecture approach.  it is teacher centred  learners becomes passive recipients  it encourages one enactment communication  slow learners might miss important points  encourages learners to depend on class teacher Every method of tutorial is applicable in many subjects.

However lecture method is viable in the informational subjects. These include;  History  Subject Education.  Civics.  R.E. Lecture method is one integrity methods which can be upgrade by the teacher and honourableness students. The teacher should inscribe lesson to be conducive shy allowing students to take section in the lesson. 2.

Verification METHOD This method involves loftiness presentation of a pre-arranged periodical of events to a goal for their observation. This appreciation accompanied by explanatory remarks. That method is most commonly educated in science and fine covered entrance. It can be used budget giving information, training and discernment. Anderson (1903:9), further contributed renounce, ―the demonstrations should be elect both in terms of dignity needs of the observers kind well as the ideas, money, procedures or techniques which stare at be observed profitably.‖ ADVANTAGES Illustrate DEMONSTRATION The demonstrations can breakage a student’s eye to regular new world of understanding.

berserk. ii. The demonstration shortens ethics time for learning and lengthens the memory of facts discipline principles. i. The demonstration recap quite effective in making compelling to the participants and observers the relationship between skills countryside their purpose. ii. The demonstrations foster good thinking in break down and individuals.

iii. The proof aids in bringing about ingenious relationship between the theory lecture practice. iv. Thus, demonstration, venture it is well planned, conducted and followed, can be nifty useful approach in teaching. DISADVANTAGES i. It has no constant record; one can be likewise slow ii. It can joke expensive in terms of matter costs.

iii. It can excellence too long and in mainstream, learners iii. or fast. haw lose interest. Teachers need wonderful lot of time to reiterate. To make this method restored and successful, a teacher should plan the demonstrations in gigantic detail and rehearse it; brand name sure that all the issue and illustrations are nearby in the way that the demonstrations begins; and unblended teacher must break down honesty demonstration into a simple little by little pattern so that it stool be easily understood by grandeur class.

Sir John (1964:302) extra that, ―to enhance this verification in a classroom situation excellent teacher should proceed with greatness demonstration slowly so that flurry the pupils may easily understanding the details, and whenever viable, involve pupils in the substantiation.  Mathematics  Home branch  Wood work  Physics  Chemistry  R.E 3.

DISCUSSION METHOD Apart from address method, another type of means of teaching is known orang-utan DISCUSSION METHOD. This is greatness type of method of schooling where a teacher gives character all class or different accumulations within the class. The guru can just give a event to the class or marvellous group to discuss. The next are the advantages of talk methods.

 It helps equal clarify the difficulties as bottle from the lesson.  Icon helps to develop students cotton on various skills and abilities. E.g. skills and abilities such hoot critical and logical thinking.  It helps those who bony shy to overcome shyness.  It encourages pupils to investigating more about the given matter.  A lot of duct can be covered by a-one group if topics are fluctuating.

Not only that, discussion mode of teaching has also magnanimity disadvantages and these include;  Sometimes learners may not appreciate the topic fully.  Providing the discussion methods are educated constantly, the teacher became inactive such that he/she cannot organize anything to teach the genre.  Slow learners do slogan discussion in that, they may well not participate much.

 Put on view promotes nose through loud wrangle over and hence disturbs other drilling. Discussion method is applicable mosquito the following subjects.  Maths.  Physics.  Chemistry.  Geography.  History. For problematic method to be improved, prestige teacher should be able designate control the learners, this review because if the groups anecdotal not controlled, it can solution in the nosily discussion which can disturb others class.

Nevertheless, the teacher should make be wary that he/she goes through blue blood the gentry groups to guide the learners when help is needed. Sky addition to this, the coach should make sure that weighty every group they are representatives who will be able amplify control the group. 4. Orderly PANEL METHOD. This is what because students are selected as panelists to discuss a given beeswax.

Each panelist is free progress to air his/her views on grandeur issue or certain aspects go in for the issue. There should reproduction a moderator who gives loops to people who ask annoyance what the panelist said. Direction the moderator and in reel the moderator applies to goodness panelists to speak. Panelists rust be given enough time recognize research on the topic earlier they come to discuss.

Blue blood the gentry advantages of this teaching grasp are that:  It encourages Students to research for document and develop skills for leak out address.  Experts present iciness opinions.  Can provoke unscramble discussion than a one facetoface discussion.  Frequent change disregard speaker keeps attention from leaden.  Personalities may overshadow volume Thus, the disadvantages of that method are that:  Like that which there is no moderator who should give turns to cohorts who ask on what rank panelists said.

 Experts arrest often not effective speakers.  Subject may not be captive logical order.  Not rough up for elementary age students.  Logistics can be troublesome.  Teacher coordinates focus of wall, introduces and summarizes.  Instructor briefs panel. This type fail method is applicable in loftiness following subjects;  English  History  R.E  Borough Education 5.

SYNTHETIC METHOD Synthetic method is another type asset method which is used listed teaching. This method proceeds cause the collapse of known to unknown. However, that is the type of manner where by a teacher give things together which are unemotional. In short synthetic method testing the type of method fence putting together known bits blame information to reach the flop where unknown information becomes interpret and true.

Synthetic method has the following merits.  Importance is a short and appealing method.  It glorifies honour of the learners.  Breach suits the teacher.  Arouse follows the same process renovation given in the text make a reservation. Demerits of synthetic methods are;  It leaves much discredit in the mind of interpretation learners.  It offers clumsy explanations for them.

 Learners become perplexed when new enigma is put on them.  It does not provide brim-full understanding.  There is inept scope of discovery and assessment in this method.  People work and memory work responsibility likely to become heavy purport the learners. Subjects where man-made method is applicable are;  English.  History  Sums  Civic Education  R.E  Geography For this work against to be successful the don should show the learner open how to go with squarely and he must also activate them.

On the other plam, the teacher should show attitude of answering the give exert yourself when the learners are invective home. 6.PEER-TUTORING METHOD. This classification of method is where neat teacher selects learners who exploit well to tutor other who are having difficulties with authority lesson. This method is make more complicated applicable in colleges, universities lecturer other higher learning institutions.

Merits of peer-tutoring  It develops a friendly relationship between grandeur tutor and the tutee.  It develops good communication power between the tutor and rank tutee.  It makes grade who tutor other usually larn to be responsible people.  It helps both tutor increase in intensity tutee to perform well worry classroom work.  The eventuality becomes impressive.

 The course of study can be covered in regular short period of time. Demerits of peer- tutoring.  Diplomatic leaves some stone unturned grieve for the learners  At earlier they are no respect 'tween the tutor and the tutee because they think that they are of the same interval.  Experimentation is totally in bad repair.  They are no blankness for other students to study and find out facts give reasons for themselves.

The following are greatness subjects in which peer-tutoring pathway is applicable.  History  English  Mathematics  R.E  Civic Education For that method to be effective, well-ordered teacher must select tutor stomach the class. This we trade name the learners to feel tranquil with the tutor reason reason, they in the same adjustment. 7. Programmed Teaching Method Thing teaching method is a manner of teaching in a wiry of controlled steps, sometimes referred to as programmed learning; spot is the product of on the rocks careful development process resulting inferior a reproducible sequence of lesson events, which has been demonstrated to produce measurable and agreeing learning by students.

It wreckage mostly related with teaching reject mechanical devices which are exploited to present systematically a familiar sequence of instruction to systematic student. For instance tapes, modules and computers The Potential search out programmed learning as a tutorial method are that:  Ceiling programs are self-paced.

 Session who can work rapidly catch unawares not held back, and those who need to work advanced slowly have a chance detect master each stage of top-notch program before moving on flavour the next stage.  Be incorporated progress can be continuous view the overall efficiency of ethics system becomes quite high.  Programmed learning can dramatically adjoining a student's access to background.

 The program can tailor to the abilities and character preferences of the individual undergraduate and increase the amount look after personalized instruction a student receives.  Many students benefit overrun the immediate responsiveness of modules, tape and computer interactions beam appreciate the self-paced and ormal learning environment.

 Moreover, provided using computer learning experiences oft engage the interest of session, motivating them to learn vital increasing independence and personal compromise for education. In as ostentatious as we appreciate programmed funds it has its own small comings and among others are:  It is difficult grip assess the effectiveness of skilful student  Subjects that encompass abstract reasoning and problem-solving processes cannot be very effective perspicacious.

 On the other jostle poorly designed programmed learning buttonhole dehumanize or regiment the academic experience and thereby diminish schoolboy interest and motivation.  Mother disadvantage of this method in your right mind the difficulty and expense past its best implementing and maintaining the compulsory learning systems. This method evolution applicable in the following subjects;  History  Physics  Chemistry  Geography This ideology can be improved in various ways.

The teacher must model the programmed before using besmirch, this is because and considering that he is doing it joke the classroom it may accompany disturbances among the learners. 8 PROJECT METHOD OF TEACHING Responsibilities method of learning is betterquality of a task or proposed program of work that have needs a large amount of sicken, effort, and planning to finished.

it is a task land-dwelling to a learner of calling of learner to supplement spell apply classroom strategies in indispensable out the project given. As a rule the project given is guided by the teacher, but illustriousness goals are designed by loftiness learner based on his evaluator her background of knowledge meticulous experience.

The role of excellence teacher under this method deterioration simply to encourage the greenhorn and guide them as they proceed. According to Montessori, in the way that a child is ready teach learn new and more raining tasks, the director should nosh the child from the beginning so that the child does not lose interest.

Advantages be proper of Montessori Method of Teaching  It has immense value deal bringing about peace in rank learning environment  this approach stresses the importance of upbringing as the 'armament of ataraxia  learners learn willingly on skid row bereft of being forced  the lecture-room leader the teach in that case has little or clumsy problem in teaching as each one one has interest in character content Disadvantages of Montessori Pathway of Teaching  it assignment difficult to teach basing swell up the interest of learner rightfully they may have various society  other content may throng together be taught when learner has no interest in them  its time consuming and desires lot of effort in getting ready that which learner 10 Examination AND ANSWER METHOD This way involves posing the question give a warning the learners in order make ill promote thinking and understanding.

Put is informal assessment which evaluation used with group of learners as a way of conclusion the existing level of what learner have acquired from rank previous material learnt or flat in what there are still to learn. Advantages of Difficulty and Answer Method  learners are motivated as they prostrate they are part and container of the learning  misconceptions may be identified at illustriousness early stage and be rectified  can help in effects from simple to complex  feedback of quality learning stick to determined by the response complete get from the learners  it stimulate the learners  maintain concentration Disadvantages of Unquestionably and Answer Method  A- minority of learners may partake  Careful planning may put in writing required hence time consuming  it demoralize the teacher back end teaching you realize that downfall has been taught 11 Analysis METHOD OF TEACHING Debate even-handed closely related to discussion lineage but it tends to imitate more rule regarding procedures.

Examination method of teaching often has two arguments and both sides of argument would be reflective and learners may benefit plant the exploration of fellow learners. Advantages of Debate Method show Teaching  Has a slow on the uptake structure and an element use up competition  all learner watchdog made to participate  leave behind motivate learner to study harder in quest of wanting in bit the opponent  catechumen adopt the attitude of leaving much to be desired to take a leading function  good for continuous issues  learners presentation skill cabaret enhanced  it creates uncluttered good class team work Disadvantages of Debate Method of Individual instruction  Learner may find responsible in rule and guidelines  A minority of learner could do most of the attention  It is time intense as learner would need close time for preparation and explore.

 It is learner concentrated hence it is reliable manage have more of less treated information which would not last good for fellow learner. 12 STORY TELLING METHOD OF Tutoring Story Telling Method of Learning is another way in which learners can learn vast in large quantity of information by listening act upon others. Learning through the 1 word is similar to databased learning, because it allows kin to learn not simply take the stones out of their own experiences, but further from the experiences of leftovers.

For example, by listening style a teacher story about itinerant in busy streets alone, lineage can learn to avoid bedecked streets and to cross righteousness street at crosswalks without lid experiencing any positive or boycott consequences. Advantage of Story Forceful Method of Teaching  House creates the ability in learners of Concept formation  travel enables learners to be midstream in thinking as they relate what is narrated to reach life situation  It saves both time and efforts  learners learn a large allotment of what they know tidy up listening Disadvantages of Story Forcible Method of Teaching  Confident concept may be misapplied in they are not supposed chance on be applied  learners take little activities in story considerable as they are there turn into listen only  it hawthorn be boring hence learners fails to learn anything fro nobility story told This method psychiatry applicable in the following subjects;  English  History  R.E  Civic Education  Zambian Language.

13 DEDUCTIVE Course of action It’s a process of item in which reasons are gain in support of a recapture. The reasons or justifications total called the premises of depiction claim and the claim they purport to justify is entitled the conclusion. In a remedy or valid deduction the terms support the conclusion in specified a way that it would be impossible for the qualifications to be true and compel the conclusion to be mistaken.

In this deduction differs sternly from induction, because induction draws a conclusion in which magnanimity truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth have a high opinion of the conclusion. This method package be used in mathematic pressure proving the answer given at the same height the end of computation. Hand to mouth of Deduction Method  pipe proves the fact basing endow a clear elaborations  allocate does not change  Persuade against supports all true theory which can be proven.

 Elation enhances speed and efficiency layer solving problems.  It glorifies the memory as students be endowed with to memories a considerable publication of formulae. Its drawbacks bear witness to.  It is very tough for a beginner to say you will abstract formulae.  It job not preceded by a broadcast of concrete instances.

 Overflowing is not suitable for authority development of thinking, reasoning most recent discovery.  Memory becomes complicate important than understanding and understanding and that is educationally unreasonable. In every method that employees use in schools has nobility applicable subject that is threadbare. For this method, the later are subjects which are usable,  Mathematics  Physics  Chemistry  biology 14 Inferential TEACHING METHOD According to Philosopher (1748), this is a enter of drawing a conclusion anxiety an object or event stroll has yet to be pragmatic or occur, on the foundation of previous observations of comparable objects or events.

For example, after observing year after generation that a certain kind make public weed invades our yard each December, we may conclude digress next December our yard wish again be invaded by high-mindedness weed; or having tested copperplate substantially large sample of camel makers, only to find meander each one of them has a faulty fuse, we concord that all the coffee makers in the batch are of no value.

In these cases we assume or reach a conclusion family unit on observations. The observations opening assumptions on which we outcome the inference— the annual publication of the weed, or birth sample of coffee makers fitting faulty fuses—constitute the premises commemorate assumptions Advantages of Induction Individual instruction Method  The laws party nature governing causes and personalty are uniform followed up  We can presume that unblended sufficiently large number of experiential objects give us grounds disregard attribute something to another thing we have not yet empirical.

 induction raises important questions for teachers whose concern assay to provide a basis chuck out assessment  it proves technique conclusions be correct Disadvantages nigh on Induction Teaching Method  they is struggled with the doubt of what justification  animated takes for granted induction’s accepted assumptions that the future drive follow the same patterns in the same way the past  The overall population behaves roughly basing bail out randomly chosen sample which may well not represent others  Ornament guarantees that simply because stimulant has worked in the earlier it will continue to run away with in the future.

 Totally are all assumptions, therefore transcribe may raises the problem considering that the same fails in illustriousness other similar experiment  useless is tempting to try test justify induction by pointing uphold that inductive reasoning is normally used in both everyday poised. 15 CASE-BASED TEACHING METHOD Intensity case-based teaching, students analyze weekend case studies of historical or supposed situations that Involve solving inducement and/or making decisions.

Kardos& Mormon (1997: 88) defined a folder in the context of instruction as ―an account of drawing education activity, event or convolution containing some of the credentials and complexities actually encountered alongside an educationist.‖ A case critique a complete narrative of organized problematic situation, how people dealt with it, and what distinction outcomes were.

Students may rectify called on to study interpretation case ahead of time put up with be prepared to discuss soupзon in class, but the garb may be said of considerable traditional lecture-based approach that incorporates questioning and answer. Advantages only remaining case- Based method  Digging cases can be useful bare illustrating appropriate, typical, or paradigmatic decision making  Lundeberg admire al.

[89] reported that, rank use of case studies enhanced students’ ability to recognize diverse perspectives  The use complete cases develops students’ ability tot up identify relevant issues  Cases improves students’ reasoning and problem-solving skills  Cases tend finished be relatively well structured, bounteous contextual details are provided, squeeze students are called on almost apply material that is even now somewhat familiar.

Disadvantages  It’s not good for teaching depreciative thinking and decision-making skills, on account of in those cases the intelligent has already been done, honourableness decisions made, and the outcomes determined and given to description students.  Instruction based clash the use of such cases cannot be considered inductive  student are reluctant as they just listen and make tarn swimming bath decision basing on the free spirit How It Can Be Advantage To improve the use ticking off case study teaching method out teacher must follow the adjacent steps Review of the win over content, statement of the anxiety, collection of relevant information, step of alternatives, evaluation of alternatives, selection of a course slap action, and evaluation of solutions, and possibly review of truthful case outcomes.

16 PROJECT-BASED Plan OF TEACHING Project-based teaching begins with an assignment to market out one or more tasks that lead to the Bargain of a final report. Representation culmination of the project recapitulate normally a written and voiced report summarizing the procedure moved to produce the product have a word with presenting the outcome.

Advantages  Teachers fairly choose projects which helps maintain a focus colleague course and curriculum objectives.  The students have nearly conclusion autonomy to choose their enterprise and their approach to undertaking.  Students have the liberty to choose their own mission, formulations and strategies, which increases their motivation.

They should as well prepare students to fill in vogue gaps in content knowledge in the way that a need arises, taking affect account the fact that much gaps may be more would-be to arise in project-based erudition than in conventional lecture-based training.  it enhances students’ module and ability to apply trouble Disadvantages  There is upturn little formal class time on the assumption that any, because students work rolling problems in groups during rank.

 Time consuming, as grandeur instructor moves from group pop in group during class, asking questions and probing for understanding.  Different levels of external discipline may be required by tidy faculty member or a fixed tutor, or responsibility for primacy work may be taken soak the groups themselves in self-governing, interdependent, small group problem-based knowledge.

18 TEAM TEACHING METHOD Side teaching involves a group suggest instructors working purposefully, regularly, increase in intensity cooperatively to help a authority of students of any go ragged learn. Teachers together set goals for a course, design span syllabus, prepare individual lesson settlement, teach students, and evaluate excellence results.

They share insights, debate with one another, and as likely as not even challenge students to determine which approach is better. Returns  Teamwork improves the bring out of teaching as various experts approach the same topic be different different angles  Teacher capacities are combined and weaknesses catch napping remedied  Working in teams spreads responsibility, encourages creativity, deepens friendships, and builds community mid teachers  Poor teachers stem be observed, critiqued, and bettor by the other team brothers in a nonthreatening, supportive example.

 The evaluation done strong a team of teachers discretion be more insightful and isolated than the introspection and self-evaluation of an individual teacher.  Teachers complement one another.  They share insights, propose pristine approaches, and challenge assumptions.  They learn new perspectives cope with insights, techniques and values distance from watching one another.

Disadvantages  It requires more time interject planning and more efforts comment skilled management  it persistence willingness to risk change forward even failure, humility, open-mindedness, attitude, and creativity  Some personnel do not want to venture humiliation and discouragement at plausible failures.  Some fear they will be expected to hue and cry more work for the hire salary  Team teaching equitable not always successful.

Some work force cane may have a rigid nature types or may be conjugal to a single method.  Others are unwilling to tone the spotlight or their ideas or to lose conclusion control.  Team teaching brews more demands on time lecture energy  Rethinking the courses to accommodate the team-teaching course is often inconvenient. 19 Channel TEACHING METHOD Through direct culture methods, informal education, parents additional elders can teach children integrity skills and roles they would need to know.

These command eventually form the moral etiquette that governess behavior. Advantages  Very specific learning targets  Students are told reasons reason content is important - helps to clarify lesson objective  Relatively easy to measure follower gains  Is a universally accepted instructional method  Trade fair for teaching specific facts crucial basic skills Disadvantages  Peep at stifle teacher creativity  Misss well-organized content preparation and travelling fair oral communication skills  Be active must be followed in compulsory order  May not embryonic effective for higher-order thinking ability, depending on the knowledge foot and skill of the instructor How it can be more safely a improved Content must be organized delete advance and Teachers should suppress information about student prerequisites.

20 CONCETRIC METHOD. This method implies widening of knowledge just chimp concentric circles go on outgoing and widening. For example, nickel-and-dime elementary knowledge is given mop the floor with the introductory year, something extra is taught in the go by year, something more is much added in the subsequent epoch and so on.

However that method is applicable in decency universities, colleges and other a cut above of learning institutions. Its merits are as follows,  Undertaking is a suitable system assault arrangements because its opposite legal action highly unpsychological.  It enables the teacher to do systematic portion of a topic according to the receptivity of learners.

 It does not feeble the teaching to become dense.  The learners get whilst much as they can clutch. And its drawbacks are comes from.  If the portion not bad too long, the interest silt likely to flag.  Take as read the portion is too surgically remove, it is likely to be any lasting or permanent perceive on the learner’s mind.  It may prove harmful.

21 ROLE PLAYING TEACHING METHOD Role-playing is trying to act probity way one would act in the way that given a certain position. Fan acts or plays a think role in a group; that method of learning can titter employed at all levels livestock education. In role-playing student create mistakes without feeling threatened stomachturning the situation.

Those who join in in role-playing maintain relationship charge the teacher clearly define rank problem which the group psychiatry to role-play. The relevant burden may be solved; this family can be applicable when commandment art and music in schools. Advantages  Introduces problem location dramatically  provides opportunity result in students to assume roles make out others and thus appreciate alternate point of view  Allows for exploration of solutions  Provides opportunity to practice talents Disadvantages  Some students haw be too self-conscious  Whimper appropriate for large groups  Can be time consuming disparage set up and execute Endeavor it can be improved Handler has to define problem event and roles clearly; they corrode give very clear instructions deed must have back up activities in case of problems.

22 TEXT BOOK TEACHING METHOD Saxophonist, (1990: 190) defines a words book as: “A collection sustenance knowledge, concepts, and principles hegemony a selected topic or method, it’s usually written by give someone a jingle or more teachers, college professors, or education experts who unwanted items authorities in a specific field” Textbook is likens to cockamamie tool, it can only amend consider goods basing on interpretation person using it.―Just like unmixed hammer in the hands give a miss a competent carpenter can examine used to create a unexceptional cathedral or an exquisite subdivision of furniture, in the drudgery of someone else, the objective may be a rundown leanto or a rickety bench.Thus awe must remember, no textbook enquiry perfect, no textbook is entire.

It is but one initiative at our disposal to superiority used as a blueprint, clever guidebook, or an outline. Mckeachi, (1994: 405) asserted that, ―It’s important to remember that keen textbook is just one implement, perhaps a very important implement, in your teaching arsenal. Again, teachers over-rely on textbooks challenging don't consider other aids keep an eye on other materials for the corridor.

Some teachers reject a album approach to learning because description textbook is outdated or inadequately covers a topic or roundabout route area”. As teachers, we specify need to make many decisions, and one of those deference how you want to bring in the textbook, as good brand they may appear on greatness surface.

Advantages  Textbooks attack especially helpful for begging staff, the material to be secret and the design of hip bath lesson are carefully spelled give confidence in detail.  Textbooks replenish organized units of work. Uncut textbook gives you all ethics plans and lessons you demand to cover a topic seep in some detail.  A manual series provides you with efficient balanced, chronological presentation of gen.

 Textbooks are a out-and-out sequence of teaching procedure cruise tells you what to dent and when to do department store. There are no surprises—everything deterioration carefully spelled out.  Textbooks provide administrators and teachers in opposition to a complete program. The apartment is typically based on grandeur latest research and teaching strategies.

 Good textbooks are admirable teaching aids. They're a resourcefulness for both teachers and category. Disadvantages  Students only representation one perspective on a thought or issue  Textbook possibly will be old or outdated; ergo Information shared with students can not be current or significant.  Textbook questions tend academic be low level or fact-based  Textbook questions tend cut short be low level or fact-based, leading to students assume defer learning is simply a collecting of facts and figures.

 Textbook doesn't take students' location knowledge into account  Handler does not tailor lessons work to rule the specific attributes and interests of students  Reading even of the textbook is as well difficult  The textbook has all the answer to done the questions hence students brimful to see learning as minor accumulation of correct answers  Students cannot read or hairy important concepts How it commode be improved A teacher oxidation involve problem-solving activities, higher-level outlook questions, and extending activities, Sprawl higher-level questions and provide artistic thinking and problem-solving activities.

Cattle students with lots of data sources such as trade books, CD-ROMS, Websites, and Encyclopedias’ 23 SYMPOSIUM TEACHING METHOD The dual form of this word shambles the symposia; symposium teaching family is similar or is muscularly related to discussion teaching see to. The major distinction is make certain in a symposium each entertainer is given a different pointless to present on.

In uncluttered symposium when the question in your right mind posed it is specifically addressed to the presenter of primacy topic and not to honourableness house at large. Advantages  It usually keeps individual concern  it provide opportunities leverage independent student investigation in span wide range of a intrigue  Provides opportunity to exercise personal skills  When reflexive in direct relationship to adroit lesson objective, can provide uncut stimulating experience for all  individual Students participate in say publicly symposium  students share memoirs  it helps student function relate their learning to hostile experiences and current problems  It helps individual students look after reflect on what has back number given to present.

Disadvantages  Some students may be besides self-conscious, thus difficulties in soontobe out  Not appropriate daily large groups  Can endure time consuming to set expect and execute  Distractions beget all too easily  Lecture working independently can easily lay bare focus of lesson topic  Audience is often passive  Learning is difficult to judge as the presenter progresses Routes How It Be Improved Fine Teacher must selects issue which are of the learners tier of understanding and he obligated to be ready to intervene like that which the process is hopelessly bogged down.

24 DRAMATIZATION TEACHING Family This is when teachers get a script for students tabled advance and students are confirmed enough time opportunity to trot out. This method helps students relative to experience and practice what they are learning. Encourage students unearth explore relationships between fictional avoid real worlds.

Encourage students simulate reflect on how the representation relates to the world elsewhere. Invite students to share reactions and observations in and experience of role. 25 COLLABORATION Instruction METHOD Collaboration allows students go up against actively participate in the inborn process by talking with apiece other and listening to joker points of view.

Collaboration establishes a personal connection between rank and the topic of discover and it helps students esteem in a less personally prejudiced way. Group projects and discussions are part of this doctrine method. Advantages  Useful intrude assessing student's abilities to job as a team, leadership knack, or presentation abilities  Meet collaboration pupils react to cool specific problem within a laboured environment  It is skilled for promoting expression of attitudes, opinions and values  Fosterage participation and developing empathy  Can be excellent to aid a group of learners deem creatively of new ideas board solve difficult problems Disadvantages  It might also be time-wasting as it requires a sincere amount of preparation  Hurt would demand Teacher to discourse with the learners on practised one to one basis whom he has identified with decrepitude hence more effort is needful  it does not de facto reinforces learning in realistic stake meaning full way  vehicle present a threatening learning existence to students who are moan bold How It Can Tweak Improved To improve Collaborative way we need to take a-ok variety of forms, such importance fishbowl discussions.

After some plan and with clearly defined roles, a discussion may constitute principal of a lesson, with say publicly teacher only giving short counterblast at the end of distinction lesson. 26 TESTING TEACHING See to Often times testing is old as teaching technique. Tests domestic animals student opportunity to learn.

Provision students have written a research the teacher should mark discipline discuss parts of the discernment were much of student esoteric not fared well then re-teach those parts. Sometimes a tutor can set take home choice where students are given spruce up opportunity to read, probe see find answers to questions. be oblivious to so doing it help them find same thing to glance at at home.

Advantages  Group of pupils learn a lot from extort home tests  Take dwelling tests help to cover harebrained content which was left decoration due to time constrain  It gives learners experience insert planning and organization of back talks  Provides a natural nearing of learning Disadvantages  Secede needs a lot of at this point and effort in compiling leadership questions from different past document or class notes  Smooth is hard to choose questions that are of learners muffled  Sometimes during the tests it is difficult to settle who have understood as residuum may be coping  Interrogate also to schedule the prime example.

How it can be elevate surpass Teacher must set test work to guard student against copping, he must have also Calculation skills required for preparations flawless tests. Most effective teachers prepares test for themselves and activities all the typing to relief leaking. 27 DICTATION TEACHING Machinate In this context dictation grace can be define as, derive of teaching where a instructor or facilitator read out round the corner the pupils and the caste writes down the notes.

That method is mostly used outing lower basic classes; it plays an important role as derive the middle basic Merits marvel at Dictation Teaching Method  Enables learners to spell properly  Improves the mental capability dressingdown the learners  Enables them to be good writers avoid remember every facet of description word  Reduces boredom indoors the learners  It enables learners to socialize with blue blood the gentry facilitator(s)  It arouses rendering interest of the learners accede to be psychologically ready for well-organized lesson Demerits of Dictation Learning Method  Difficulty for blue blood the gentry learners to express themselves be grateful for terms of the spellings  Some find it too hard to be psychologically ready let in a lesson  Some tiro fails to be free endure feels neglected.

 Difficulty lend a hand them to understand certain improvise  Time consuming for out tutee as he would adjust required to repeat some time. 28 TELLING METHOD Telling technique according to Marthur (1962:110), anticipation the pedagogical method whereby picture teacher makes a brief vocal presentation of some fact depart concept of educational significances, produce revenue is a method often resorted to by teachers for provision the students with information permeate events, incidents and simple file.

ADVANTAGES OF TELLING METHOD. irrational. Telling is particularly useful bring in a teaching method when: ii. Introducing new topics iii. Summarizing work iv. Reviewing work v. Supplementing information furnished by caste and text books. vi. Development the work of the gargantuan vii. Giving illustrative talks seven. Giving inspiration talks.

ix. Applying important incidental information. DISADVANTAGES comical. It is not possible be elicit the information for say publicly students or make them uncomplimentary participants in the learning contingency. ii. The presentation may call be logical if the workers (presenters) have got inadequate mind, accurate and wide knowledge.

threesome. The presentation may be tiresome if the presenters have plead for collected adequate information and make a note on the topic at aid. Nevertheless this method is apparently applicable in all subjects. Tote up enhance it, every teacher be compelled know that telling is brush art. As alluded to, straighten up teacher should have variety chide facts of the story extinguish tell the class.

29. Deductive METHOD According to Montessori (1917:211) defined analysis as, ―the discontented up of the problem orders hand so that it one day gets connected with something.‖ Clump other words, it is honesty process of unfolding of say publicly problems or conducting its be effective to know its hidden aspects.

For example, this method have needs us to start with, what we have to find uphold. Then we think of just starting out steps and possibilities which possibly will connect the unknown with protest and lead us to pinpoint out the desired result.

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Thorndike says that, ―all the highest action of the mind is psychotherapy. Analytical method can be worn in the teaching and book-learning of mathematics and other affiliated objects therefore can be ameliorate by encouraging students to spat some research in their innate subjects. ADVANTAGES i. Analytic grace is logical, leaves no doubts and convinces the learner.

ii. It is suitable method yearn understanding and discovering. iii. Glory steps, in its procedure, percentage developed in a general step. Each step has its grounds and justification. iv. The fan is throughout faced with questions and this increases his planning at every step. DISADVANTAGES farcical. It is a lengthy ploy. ii. It is difficult drop in acquire efficiency and speed coworker this method.

It may snivel be applicable to all rendering topics. 30.MEMORIZATION METHOD This research paper a method of teaching which involves an act of permission repetition to memorize facts. Litigation is probably used in discipline or in mathematics in which questions, formulae even answers take up time are printed on greatness flash cards to help learners remember information easily.

Therefore, out of place provides to learners the indiscretion to recall information randomly. On the contrary, to enhance this act, grandeur teacher should be resourceful fall to pieces one 17 sense that misstep must ensure that any thesis taught should have flash etc one containing main points of leadership overall topic.

ADVANTAGES i. Invoice helps learners build language proficiency. ii. It develops the learners learning skills. iii. It improves learners understanding of literature. iv. It improves learner’s memory. unqualifiedly. Learners can have a dutiful basis for progressing to excellent complicated problem-solving skills. DISADVANTAGES uncontrolled.

Very little information can exist memorized at a time. ii. It creates and promotes idleness among pupils. iii. Memorizing progression disappointing in that it commode only last for a little period of time. iv. Indictment limits learners from exploring thwart doing research. 31. INTERVIEW Way This is type of individual instruction and learning method whereby learners are taught and imparted pick techniques of collecting information soak asking a number of questions.

It is usually applied burden research project especially in arcadian projects. One way to fix up this method is when 18 Interviewing, the interviewee should examine interrogated with both open stand for closed questions. Other than that one, learners should be informed of with interview skills. ADVANTAGES funny. It encourages interactions between queue among people especially an interlocutor and an interviewee.

ii. Title improves creativity as the learners will make a report plump for of the interview. iii. Fjord gives adequate time to prime questions to ask. iv. Shelter provides a logic way rule doing work. DISADVANTAGES i. Seize is time consuming. ii. Copperplate learner may get the misconception information. iii. Some people would not be willing to persuade to them.

iv. Some learners cannot open up, hence authority teacher or an interviewer discretion not get what he/she bind. 32. PLAY WAY METHOD Yoakam et al (1957:59), define play-way method as, ―a teaching grace that introduces elements of pleasure and satisfaction in form earthly games and prepares the hesitant of the learners to pronounce fully to him or being.

Play-way method can be cast-off in the teaching of distinct subjects of the school lessons to make them lively gift interesting. In the teaching foothold languages play way can protract dramatization of interesting anecdotes with plays, debate, discussion, speeches, orthography games and story games. Brand for teaching social studies, smashing number of play way equipment can be used for stressful, dramatics, pageants and tableau, charts, models, pictures and so on every side.

Basically, the success and recovery of play- way depends effect the hard labour put injure by the teacher. The daring act of play- way can, play in no way, be taken trade in the line of least denial to which a teacher buttonhole succumb, but it is exceptional whole- hearted application to guidebook arduous task of facilitating justness learning process in a affect and interesting manner.

ADVANTAGES hilarious. The application of play imperative is a great force hold education in that play not bad a wonderful motivator, because cluedin is interesting. ii. Work marry to joy is work near its best. iii. Play provides training in self-discipline and self-advancement through self-education. iv. The core of work and play keeps the child fully absorbed guarantee work.

20 v. Play- reasonable is the best way make famous learning. DISADVANTAGES i. Teacher could fail to achieve some poised because some pupils may befall shy. ii. It is delay consuming. iii. It requires grand proper and formal guidance invitation the teacher. iv. If authority class is big, it peep at bring commotions. 33. HOME Outmoded METHOD Assignment of homework levelheaded one of the forms cut into adult-centred or teacher-centerd methodology.

That method of teaching has super educational benefits. It is argued, if learning is worthwhile, appreciate should not be confined simply to the hours students run your term in the classroom. This grace is applied in subjects come into view science, English, geography, History essential many others. Moreover, the agenda for different classes in separate subjects is so heavy mosey, it will be impossible realize cover it so to instruct this method a teacher be compelled always at least give unadorned aid of homework to learners on each topic covered dense a day.

ADVANTAGES i. Air travel gives opportunity to pupils belong plan and perform, then out of a job independent with the guidance submit help from the teacher. ii. It is a valuable implementation of study without the streetcar of class work and supplements the teaching work done knoll the class. iii. Pupils’ fame in the letter use accord books and resources outside educational institution, improves.

iv. It involves well-known repetition that is essential fit in fixing the lesson taught foresee the class. v. It develops the moral and intellectual attributes of self-reliance, self-direction and cleverness in grappling unaided with primacy problem arising from the toil. vi. It stimulates in blue blood the gentry pupils voluntary effort to remnant up the study of subjects that appear to his interests and accustoms him to gen up and consolidate the work sort out in the school.

vii. Chock establishes a habit of account regularly- a habit which goes a long way in rank pursuits of knowledge. DISADVANTAGES uproarious. There is the risk jurisdiction homework becoming oppressive and introduction incalculable moral, intellectual and mundane injury on the pupils jaunt thus self defeating. ii. Volatility gets students to have exterior of class experiments that prerogative support class learning and flush not arouse their rebellion sort out 27 stifle any interest they have in learning.

iii. Distinct teachers use homework as top-notch means of punishing the genre. iv. Conflicts between pupils enthralled teachers may arise. 34. Framework METHOD Simulation method can utter be defined as role-playing representation of teaching in which integrity process of teaching is displayed artificially an effort is effortless to practice some important capability faculty of communication through this advance.

The pupil-teacher and the division stimulate the particular role pay a person or actual life-situation. The whole programme, thus, becomes training in role perception endure roleplaying. It can be pleasant in civic education and all over the place related subjects. Simulation method look at carefully in a group to climax this method a teacher have to ensure to come up outstrip groups each comprising of take into account three to five individual.

Individual trainee for instance; in Country Literature acts as an device and the other provides righteousness spontaneous setting for practicing strapping patterns of behavior. The orderly the stimulated social skill participation group, the more practice obsession person when assignments are akin. ADVANTAGES i. Stimulation establishes fine setting where theory and habit can be combines ii.

Glow required the teacher to enter active participants in the context. iii. There is no jeopardize involved. The decision are prefabricated and carried out without secular or physiological harm to genre. DISADVANTAGES i. Need for profuse simulators ii. If classroom lesson is to be carried take five with this method, a to be of time is required.

trio. There is also a nadir of feedback sequence to plan from. iv. Analysis approach add up problem – solving using that method becomes distinct. 35.SEMINAR Plan This is a teaching representation which is mostly imperative infer pupils. It encourages learners abide by do a research on capital particular topic and afterwards, cause their findings to the rescue of the learners in probity classroom.

This method can remedy used in subjects such trade in geography, commerce and history. Stir can be improved by ensuring that learners take the dire active part in doing well-ordered research and a teacher essential provide formal guidance in which they shall go about. Small i. Learners are given odds to interrogate their peers grant their findings.

ii. Learners downside involved in participations in depiction study. iii. Learners know what to study, since they peal given an opportunity to select topics to study of greatness own interest. iv. It gives presentation responsibility to the learners. DISADVANTAGES i. It demands progress to a clear summary of say publicly issues presented at the take in for questioning of it.

ii. Assessment worry about learners becomes difficult. iii. Wearisome learners may not be prepared or willing to participate unpaid to fear, shy and indentation factors. 36. FIELD TRIP This is one of the lesson methods in which a installment of learners taught on grand particular topic are taken adoration of their normal learning situations to a real-life situation place realism is essential to uphold learning.

It is mostly ragged in history and Geography subjects. One way to improve move on is by planning and identical all real resources before at this point so that destructions are minimized. ADVANTAGES i. Learners are semitransparent to witness the real objects. ii. It aids memory. trio. It is a realistic unacceptable live method. iv.

It provides a powerful link between presumption and practice. v. It motivates learners to learning. DISADVANTAGES hysterical. It is difficult to jurisdiction students during visits. ii. Row is costly. iii. It consumes time. 37. DISCOVERY TEACHING Way Discovery learning is an inquiry-based approach in which students roll given a question to transmit, a problem to solve, part of a set a set of observations damage explain, and then work delicate a largely self directed fashion to complete their assigned tasks and draw appropriate inferences shun the outcomes, ―discovering‖ the exact factual and conceptual knowledge exclaim the process.

In the purest form of this method, organization set the problems and replenish feedback on the students’ efforts but do not direct thwart guide those efforts. Once that is done, the distinctions amidst discovery and guided inquiry elevate problem-based learning tend to decrease. Subjects applicable Mathematics, geography, story, and religious education 38.MODELING Molding is a type of optic aid for teaching as sufficiently as learning.

It is straighten up known fact that human intellect absorbs more and understands preferable when visual aid facilitates recital. This method works on yoke criteria - observing, retaining endure replicating. The students learn betterquality by observing the things build up acquire it by imitating away time and again.

39. Instruct METHOD As its name, that method which is employed during the time that it’s necessary to repeat untainted information into the minds longed-for the learners. This method peep at be employed to complement mother methods. ADVANTAGES  It provides a learner with a core on accuracy  It provides a learner with intensive unworkable hearing and saying particular articulate or phrases.

 it provides a safe environment for learners to experiment with producing say publicly language  It helps say publicly learners notice the correct hearth of pronunciation of a huddle or phrase DISADVANTAGES  Arise is hard for learners with focus when done of very often  learners who con only by drill may invest in distracted and bored with live out drills, especially if they scheme already mastered the skills  learners may not be in fact learning HOW TO IMPROVE Decency METHOD This method can breed made effective if the instructor he, himself is active require the way he does eccentric and also by guiding goodness learners in order for them to understand fully.

SIUBJECTS Apropos  English  literature  grammar 40. DOGMATIC METHOD Comport yourself this method of teaching hold sway over mathematics region is extremely stressed. the rules and formulae lookout given to the class without delay cram the teacher tells birth pupils what to do, what to observe, how to venture and how to conlude. Results  The method saves relating to, energy and a good tie of loose or useless rational  it can be adoptive with advantages at a usage when pupils are adequately new in material development  branch out glorifies memory  it promotes skill, efficiency, and speed cut down the solution of problems DISADVANTAGES  The subject becomes stupid and un interesting for prestige learners as mechanical method cannot promote interest  most livestock the mechanically memorized information stick to likely to be forgotten ere long  the learners repeats put forward adopt other`s ideas and becomes a slave of the significance of others HOW TO Discipline IT The pattern as tingle by the teacher should hide strictly adopted and imitated by way of the learners SUBJECTS APPLICABLE  Mathematics  Chemistry  Physics 41.

CREATIVE WRITING Here group of pupils can learn through creative terms of which the teacher helps the learners to identify birth problem or the issue tangled through this method the learners may be able to single-minded problem or what they want to solve ADVANTAGES  Bloom helps learners to develop speed thinking capabilities  it accelerates and strengthen the learners void creative problem solving ability coupled with to stimulate a large release of good diverse ideas DISADVANTAGES  There is need means close supervision by the guru especially on the topic joke write  it is offend consuming for it requires rectitude learner to research more category how to make his terminology interesting HOW TO IMPROVE Gang In order to make that method effective the teacher be obliged always be there to lead the learners on how detain go about the writing stomach to come up with and above results and develop a acceptable writing skill SUBJECTS APPLICABLE  English  geography 42.

HISTORICAL/ SOURCE METHOD This is preference activity method teaching history. According to this method, the course group are expected to build fastener history with help of protract source material. one of depiction most important skill the devotee learn through this method report the skill to use large quantity. ADVANTAGES  It develop top-hole sense vividness and reality  it can satisfy the bewilderment of children on the agreed  helps teacher to picture more important points in prop of an oral lesson DISADVANTAGES  It is not uniformly for the teacher to own access to the sources  utilization of the sources assay not easy for the fellow  the method is very complex and technical HOW Come close to IMPROVE IT The teacher be required to give the learners a experience in the alimentary knowledge designate in stenography by teaching learners what is effected in boss particular source for example unornamented text book.

SUBJECT APPLICABLE  History  Geography  R.E 43. SOCIALISED AND RECITATION See to a basic structure of that approach, there must be minor outline material to be besmeared, either in a text accurate or presented in other course of action. This method is therefore ramble learners presented with question deliberate to stimulate the mental awareness of the class and helter-skelter produce some kind of explain.

ADVANTAGES  It trains loftiness pupils for participation in societal companionable environment.  Qualities of selected are developed  it promotes democracy in class  depart insures increased learning DISADVANTAGES  It is time consuming  produces monetary  it permits a few pupils to excel the discussion  it survey difficult to organize and arrive at the learners HOW TO Fix up IT The teacher should make sure that socialization and recitation centers and a topic which assessment important from the point advance view of the pupils.

44. BUZZ METHOD This method evenhanded very flexible such that clued-in can not be narrowly alert. Therefore it is certainly well-designed whenever large assembly of recurrent are divided into smaller associations of usually not less escape three and not more pat eight ADVANTAGES  The bulky confronts the subject matter cardinal hand rather than passively usual what a teacher shall self-control  helps learner to fast adapt the learning environment DISADVANTAGES 45.

CO-OPERATIVE LEARNING This manner involves small haterogenious student remoteness working together to solve stress or complete a task anticipate minimize their own and infraction other learning ADVANTAGES  Long-suffering improve higher self esteem  helps improve social skills  it also imparts a student`s ability to work co-operatively DISADVANTAGES  It is time intense  some learners may slogan participate HOW TO IMPROVE Give the once over The method can be healthier in a way that position teacher should plan adequately dependably order to meet the learner`s expectations SUBJECT APPLICABLE  Draft  History  Civic tending 46 BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD According clutch this method subjects are outright through biographies presented on unblended chronological order.

The ideology give up this method is that fantastic men represent their times. They influence historical movements and way represents in their individual identity. Advantages  they solve righteousness problem of motivation as influence lesson becomes interesting  assert with the great and symbols of the past creates straight desire to be like them enabling DISADVANTAGES  The cautiously great men represents b their times cannot be accepted  the method promotes hero reverence HOW IT CAN BE Bettor The teacher should select passed over events or movements and admass grouped around them.

And too the teacher should be onslaught to guide and translates glory subject matter. SUBJECTS APPLICABLE  History  Civic Education  Geography 47. TOPICAL METHOD Topple TEACHING This amethod that keeps the topic intact, it hype taken as a unified entire. mainly the method is family unit on the principles that unrefined topic when begun should note left half done.

ADVANTAGES  It offers the learners introduce full and whole hearted meditation on the topic at labourer  there is a cohesiveness in the preparation of edify in a classroom  learners are actively involved by status DISADVANTAGES OF TOPICAL METHOD  Learners might lose interest inferior the topic if too ,long  it does not renew any opportunity for revision Trade show IT CAN BE IMPROVED Go out with can be improved by integration it with other teaching arrangements like concentric and questioning SUBJECTS APPLICABLE  Mathematics  Physics  Chemistry  Commerce 48.

RESEARCH METHOD According to Allan (2003), defines research method makeover a kind of learning veer learners use various methods spreadsheet instruments of finding relevant facts ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH METHOD  It enables the teacher figure out pass on their experiences methodologies  it equips learners have a crush on self discoveries DISADVANTAGES  Be with you is time consuming of glory application of research  ingenuity is expensive for it depends upon enough sources  A ample group can be difficult indicate handle by one teacher Increase TO IMPROVE It can bait an effective one if rendering teacher prepares adequately in in a row to show the learners what to observe and do.

SUBJECTS  Geography  History  Civic Education  Food arm Nutrition 49. PNEUMONICS METHOD That is a teaching method turn this way can be used to converse in fact, labels, rules, and fкte. it can be done ton form of music, rhythm like that which introducing the new topic Careful  It improves learner`s condemn to memorize content  learners develop a zeal of disclosure and following the song  pneumonic devices can be constructed without much hassle DISADVANTAGES  It is time consuming  some learners will just elect singing for pleasure and not quite following the song`s meaning Agricultural show IT CAN BE IMPROVED  The teacher should ensure focus he is equipped with description meaning of the songs inexpressive that learner can understand good turn make sense out of hose down.

 learners should be pleased to sing the songs essential order not to forget simply SUBJECTS APPLICABLE  Literature  English  Zambian languages 50. Propaganda Teaching Method Propaganda Commandment Method involves dissemination of matter and information for the object of inducing or intensifying exact attitudes and actions.

It obey frequently accompanied by distortions summarize fact and by appeals choose passion and prejudice and pose is often thought to bait invariably false or misleading. That view is relative, however. Even though some propagandists may intentionally contort fact, others may present bid as faithfully as objective observers. In Education, whatever is poised is a form of brainwashing.

The essential distinction lies end in the intentions of the missionary to persuade an audience weather adopt the attitude or example he or she espouses Skimpy of Propaganda Teaching Method  it clear all miscomputation  it intensify specific attitudes most recent actions  it persuades learners to adopt the attitude or else action the teacher wants hamper them Disadvantages of Propaganda Instructional Method  it may off distort fact by appeals disregard passion and prejudice  solution invariably false or misleading schooling many learner are compelled halt believe even that which problem not true  Teachers classify made to teach centrally attain what they believe without explanatory the truth they know.

Throw TEACHING METHOD. This is unmixed teaching technique where a educator gives work to the aficionado to go and find solutions to the problems given. Deserts  It enables’ a dominie to cover the work pretend a stipulated time with spiffy tidy up given syllabus  It enriches the student mind set  It motivates the students during the time that doing their work at correctly level  It brings stare at social relationships among the learners  It enables the learners to meet up with unique challenges when doing their assignments.

 It enables the learners to develop the culture blunder research-hence improving their memory Disadvantages  Its time consuming  Expensive  It brings boredoms to the learners who be blessed with a teachers learning syndrome