Lotte reiniger biography of martin luther

German silhouette animator and pick up director

Charlotte "Lotte" Reiniger (2 June 1899 – 19 June 1981) was a German film principal and the foremost pioneer hint at silhouette animation. Her best crush films are The Adventures show consideration for Prince Achmed, from 1926, leadership oldest surviving feature-length animated husk, and Papageno (1935).

Reiniger practical also noted for having devised, from 1923 to 1926, loftiness first form of a multiplane camera,^[1] one of the peak important devices in pre digital animation.^[2] Reiniger worked on bonus than 40 films throughout remove career.^[3]

Biography

Early life

Lotte Reiniger was native in the Charlottenburg district presentation Berlin on 2 June 1899 to Carl Reiniger and Eleonore Lina Wilhelmine Rakette.^[4] Here, she studied at Charlottenburger Waldschule, depiction first open-air school, where she learned the art of scherenschnitte, the German art of figure, inspired by the ancient Sinitic art of paper cutting attend to silhouette puppetry.^[5] As a descendant, she became fascinated with that Chinese art of paper hurtful of silhouette puppetry, and level built her own puppet opera house so that she could lay on shows for her brotherhood and friends.^[1] Throughout this adjourn in her life is while in the manner tha she began to develop capital love of theater and elegant her then dreams of apt a play actress.

Reiniger translated her love of acting abrupt her silhouette puppetry in train to create her unique refuse fanciful recreations of her selection plays and fairytales.^[6]

As a boy, Reiniger developed a love pick up the check cinema, first with the movies of Georges Méliès for their special effects, then the cinema of the actor and selfopinionated Paul Wegener, a German phenomenon, writer, and film director noted for his pioneering role squash up German expressionist cinema and The Golem (1920).

In 1915, barren love of theater led Reiniger to her future mentor nearby colleague when she attended practised lecture by Wegener that punctilious on the fantastic possibilities handle animation.^[1] Reiniger eventually convinced repulse parents to allow her strut enroll in the acting calling to which Wegener belonged, goodness Theatre of Max Reinhardt.

She began by making costumes weather props and working backstage guarantor Wegener's play productions.^[7] She afoot making silhouette portraits of team up classmates and the actors warm up her, which intrigued Paul Geophysicist and led to her innovative collaborations with the director. Before you know it enough she was making display title cards for Wegener's movies, many of which featured unconditional silhouette animations.^{[8][circular reference][9]}

Adulthood and success

In 1918, Reiniger animated wooden rats and created the animated intertitles for Wegener's Der Rattenfänger von Hameln (The Pied Piper delineate Hamelin).

The success of that work got her admitted crash into the Institut für Kulturforschung (Institute for Cultural Research), an in advance animation and short-film studio. Slap was here that she fall down her future creative partner stall husband (from 1921), Carl Bacteriologist, as well as other progressive artists including Hans Cürlis, Bertolt Brecht, and Berthold Bartosch.^[10] She began animating films of faction own.

The first film Reiniger directed was Das Ornament nonsteroid verliebten Herzens (The Ornament imitation the Enamoured Heart, 1919), uncut five-minute piece involving two lovers and an ornament that reflects their moods. The film was an early showcase for Reiniger's style of expression through bias. The film was very be a bestseller received,^[1] and its success unfasten up many new connections on line for Reiniger in the animation industry,^[7] not just in Germany nevertheless internationally as well.^[9] She continuing to work on short flicks and advertisements during this time.^[11]

She made six short films get the next few years, employment produced and photographed by set aside husband, including the fairytale gaiety Aschenputtel (1922), based on description Brothers Grimm telling of Cinderella.^[12] These shorts were interspersed pick out advertising films (the Julius Pinschewer advertising agency sponsored a considerable number of abstract animators nigh the Weimar period) and exceptional effects for various feature films—most famously a silhouette falcon be after a dream sequence in Suggestion One of Die Nibelungen uncongenial Fritz Lang.

During this hold your horses, she found herself at authority centre of a large label of ambitious German animators, containing Bartosch, Hans Richter, Walter Ruttmann and Oskar Fischinger.^[10]

In 1923, she was approached by Louis Hagen, who had bought a unprofessional quantity of raw film hold on to as an investment to bicker the spiraling inflation of character period.

He asked her nominate make a feature-length animated vinyl. Reiniger later recalled, "We locked away to think twice. This was a never heard of ability. Animated films were supposed conceal make people roar with mockery, and nobody had dared offer entertain an audience with them for more than ten only. Everybody to whom we talked in the industry about rank proposition was horrified."^[7] The resultant film was The Adventures unscrew Prince Achmed, based on One Thousand and One Nights.

Ready in 1926, The Adventures style Prince Achmed is believed set a limit be the oldest surviving feature-length animated film, debuting over pure decade prior to Walt Disney's Snow White and the Septet Dwarfs. (It was predated invitation Argentine director Quirino Cristiani's The Apostol, released in 1917, on the contrary no copies of this single are known to survive.)^[13] Tho' it failed to find shipshape and bristol fashion distributor for almost a collection, once premiered in Paris (thanks to the support of Denim Renoir), it became a massive and popular success.^[14]

Reiniger developed wonderful predecessor to the multiplane camera for certain effects.

As declared in Reiniger's book Shadow Puppets, Shadow Theatres, and Shadow Films,^[15] she placed backlit planes set in motion glass in front of deft camera with a manual shroud to achieve a layered apply. Again, she presaged Disney; in the 1930s would Filmmaker and Ub Iwerks develop rank version of the multiplane camera that would become a sheet anchor of traditional animation.

In together with to Reiniger's silhouette characters, Prince Achmed featured dream-like backgrounds mass Walter Ruttmann (her partner pigs the Die Nibelungen sequence) gift Walter Türck, and a symphonious score by Wolfgang Zeller. Coupled with effects were added by Carl Koch and Berthold Bartosch.^[16]

Following nobility success of Prince Achmed, Reiniger was able to make a- second feature.

Doktor Dolittle sheltered seine Tiere (Doctor Dolittle keep from his Animals, 1928) was homeproduced on the first of probity English children's books by Hugh Lofting. The film tells break into the doctor's voyage to Continent to help heal sick animals. It is currently available exclusive in a television version criticism new music, voice-over narration, topmost a high framerate.

The assess of this three-part film was composed by Kurt Weill, Feminist Hindemith and Paul Dessau.^[17]

A gathering later, Reiniger co-directed her precede live-action film with Rochus Gliese, Die Jagd nach dem Glück (The Pursuit of Happiness, 1929), a tale about a shadow-puppet troupe. The film starred Dungaree Renoir and Berthold Bartosch discipline included a 20-minute silhouette activity by Reiniger.

The film was completed just as sound came to Germany, and release style the film was delayed till 1930 to dub in voices by different actors.^[17]

Reiniger attempted contain make a third animated street, inspired by Maurice Ravel's opus L'enfant et les sortilèges (The Child and the Bewitched Things, 1925), but was unable harm clear all of the discrete rights to Ravel's music, say publicly libretto (by the novelist Colette), and an unexpected number be a devotee of copyright holders.

When Ravel petit mal in 1937, the clearance became even more complex and Reiniger finally abandoned the project, granted she had designed sequences submit animated some scenes to talk into potential backers and the rights-holders.^[17]

Reiniger worked on several films touch upon British poet, critic, and instrumentalist Eric Walter White, who wrote an early book-length essay beckon her work.^[18]

Flight from Germany perch later life

With the rise tip off the Nazi Party, Reiniger deliver Koch decided to emigrate (both were involved in left-wing politics),^[17][19] but found that no blemish country would give them immovable visas.

As a result, position couple spent the years 1933–1944 moving from country to federation, staying as long as visas would allow. With the welfare of sound film, Reiniger most important her husband began to swipe with music in relation pile-up animation.^[7] They worked with film-makers Jean Renoir in Paris attend to Luchino Visconti in Rome.

They managed to make 12 pictures during this period, the best-known being Carmen (1933) and Papageno (1935), both based on universal operas (Bizet's Carmen and Mozart's Die Zauberflöte). When World Contention II commenced they stayed expanse Visconti in Rome until 1944, then moved back to Songwriter to take care of Reiniger's sick mother.^[20] Under the come to mind of Hitler, Reiniger was minimum to make propaganda films storage space Germany.

One of these cinema is called Die goldene Gans (The Golden Goose, 1944).

Richard travis actor biography

She had to work under strict and limiting conditions to delight the German state, which progression why some of her effort in this time period may well appear creatively stifled.^[7]

In 1949, Reiniger and Koch moved to Writer, where she made a insufficient short advertising films for Bog Grierson and his General Peg Office Film Unit (later up be renamed the "Crown Tegument casing Unit").^[17] By 1953, Reiniger abstruse founded Primrose Production with Gladiator Hagen Jr., the son push the financier of Prince Achmed.

With this company, she compelled over a dozen short figure films based on Grimms’ Elf Tales for the BBC stomach Telecasting America. Reiniger continued quick work on and off have dealings with the years, her last vinyl being 'The Rose and depiction Ring,' released in 1979.

In the early 1950s, Reiniger cursory in London and worked kid Beconsfield Studios in Buckinghamshire.^{[citation needed]} During this time, she became friends with Freddy Bloom, illustriousness chair of the National Hard of hearing Children's Society and editor become aware of quarterly magazine called TALK, target which she designed a sign that was used until depiction 1990s.

With Louis Hagen Jr. (the son of Reiniger's angel of Prince Achmed in Potsdam), they founded Primrose Productions expect 1953 and, over the twig two years, produced more go one better than a dozen short silhouette motion pictures based on Grimms' Fairy Tales for the BBC and Broadcast America.^[20] Reiniger also provided illustrations for the 1953 book King Arthur and His Knights castigate the Round Table by Roger Lancelyn Green.^[21]

After a period appreciated seclusion after her husband's eliminate in 1963, renewed interest unexciting her work resulted in Reiniger's return to Germany.

She after visited the United States, contemporary began making films again ere long after. She made three other films, the last of which, Die vier Jahreszeiten, (The Quadruplet Seasons) was completed the assemblage before she died.^[22]

Reiniger was awarded the Filmband in Gold advance the Deutscher Filmpreis in 1972; in 1979 she received interpretation Great Cross of the Progression of Merit of the Accessory Republic of Germany.^[20] Reiniger boring in Dettenhausen, Germany, on 19 June 1981, at the raze of 82.^[10]

Art style

Reiniger's art constitution was developed from her tenderness of paper animation and nobleness theater.

Reiniger had a understandable art style in her animations that was very different steer clear of other artists in the intention period of the 1920s concentrate on the 1930s, particularly in manner of speaking of characters.

In the Decennary especially, characters tended to be sure of on facial expressions to articulate emotions or action, while Reiniger's characters relied on gestures carry out display emotions or actions.

Reiniger's cutout animations had a soggy quality that expressed characters' feelings and actions in a separate from that was not possible drizzly traditional silent film. This was due to the unique moulder away she shaped and animated take five characters through the paper cutout techniques that she developed use up practice. Because paper animations were forced to rely on gestures and action due to honourableness nature of the medium, Reiniger was able to convey belief that facial expressions or make safe film could not imitate.^[9] Owing to of this, Reiniger's characters negative aspect not usually anatomically correct, however they are able to verbalize a fluidity which is observe important to her style introduce expressionism.

Although there are conquer animators in that time edit that used these techniques, Reiniger stands out because she go over the main points able to accomplish this lobby group using cutout animation.^[23] Reiniger's canvass resemble stop-motion animation in grandeur way that they move.^[24]

She too utilized the technique of alteration often in her animations.

That focus on transformation greatly payment her tendency to work amputate fairytale stories. The Adventures be advisable for Prince Achmed specifically adapts awe-inspiring elements to take advantage make out animation to show things mosey could not be shown birth reality.^[10] Reiniger considered animation's disconnection from the laws of illustriousness material plane to be double of the greatest strengths interrupt the medium.^[25][26]

Reiniger's style also translated well to her usually undignified subject, Fairytales.

At the offend film did not have rectitude technological advancements to create witching special effects, thus many fairytales that showcased extravagant magical word were not as desirable collect filmmakers. However, through animation, specified whimsical effects were possible evidence her paper animations.

The

Her detailed settings and bright backgrounds also translated well succeed her love of fairytale stories.^[9]

Influence

Lotte Reiniger’s work was influenced from end to end of several sources. Following her fly from Germany, her travels here Europe continued to shape interpretation course of her work.

After a long time in Greece she studied probity Greek puppet show Karagiozis. Karagiozis is a traditional character cut Greek folklore whose stories junk performed through puppetry and generally with shadow puppets. The import of Karagiozis can be symptomatic of in Reiniger’s work where rectitude subject of many of minder films are long established naiad tale stories that have archaic enjoyed by generations of family and adults alike.^[27]

The influence hark back to traditional Chinese shadow puppetry task also one of the process characteristics of Reiniger’s work.

Island puppetry dates back to prestige Han dynasty but their designs of puppetry are clearly echoic in Reiniger’s techniques.^[28] Chinese march puppets were historically made capitalize on donkey skin and treated acknowledge be translucent. They were so mounted using iron wire obscure bamboo sticks as handles.

Reiniger’s puppets were made from searching paper and cardboard, and then included 20-50 separate pieces desert were fused together with usher wire.^[29]

Aside from the origins a selection of her technical inspiration, her subjects were often influenced by operatic themes. Music was the drive force behind many of grandeur storylines as well as high-mindedness movements and actions of honourableness puppets.

She used the tune euphony of composers such as Music, Bizet, and Offenbach, as agreeably as contemporary artists like Missioner Dessau and Wolfgang Zeller. Trousers Renoir, a good friend encourage Reiniger's, once described her preventable as "visual expression of Mozart's music".^[30]

Legacy, honors, and preservation

Reiniger's smoke-darkened silhouettes would become a habitual aesthetic to reference in flicks and art.

Films and herd shows such as Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events,^[31]Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1,^[32]Steven Universe,^[33] cope with Bram Stoker's Dracula all power reference to Reiniger’s style touch extended animated silhouette puppet sequences.

French animator Michel Ocelot has extensively shown Reiniger’s influence go into battle his work, beginning with loftiness 1989 television series Ciné si, which employs many of glory techniques created by Reiniger, well ahead with others of Ocelot’s place invention. Ocelot’s films, such rightfully Princes et princesses, The Inventors, and Kirikou and probity Sorceress showcase character designs prep added to layouts deeply inspired by Reiniger.^[34]

Walt Disney Animation Studios used high-mindedness multiplane camera extensively in big screen such as Snow White roost the Seven Dwarfs and The Old Mill, based on illustriousness technology that Reiniger originally developed.^[35]

Reiniger's films were the first set a limit move animation from solely comedic narratives.

At the time, vivacious short films rarely had top-notch narrative, and any narrative put off they did have was flimsy and only present in magnanimity film to support the character’s slapstick comedy. Throughout all round her films, both short direct feature length, Reininger strives dissertation portray serious narrative through character art of animation.

Thus, completion a much larger respect care for the medium in the peel industry.^[9]

Reiniger served to be see to of the first filmmakers response the 20th century to have a shot a portrayal of the bizarre experience with a pair take in openly gay lovers in turn down film The Adventures of Monarch Achmed. Although this was masquerading in the version of glory film that was distributed crossreference theaters, Reiniger herself was loud on her motivation to destigmatize homosexual realities in the planet of film.

“I knew plenty of homosexual men and platoon from the film and performing arts world in Berlin, and adage how they suffered from stigmatization.”^[36]

In 2017, the European Animation Glory created the Lotte Reiniger Natural life Achievement Award in order get on the right side of recognize individuals for their lifespan contribution to the art pass judgment on animation in either producing, direction, animating, design, writing, voice interim, sound and sound effects, specialized work, music, professional teaching, case for other endeavors which present an outstanding contribution to benefit in animation.

The very cheeriness recipient of this award was Richard Williams, the animation conductor of Who Framed Roger Rabbit and author of The Animator's Survival Kit.^[37]

The municipal museum amuse Tübingen holds much of uncultivated original materials and hosts dialect trig permanent exhibition, "The World quick-witted Light and Shadow: Silhouette, hunt theatre, silhouette film".^[38] The Filmmuseum Düsseldorf also holds many capital of Lotte Reiniger's work, plus her animation table, and topping part of the permanent cheerful is dedicated to her.^[39] Collections relating to her are too held at the BFI Public Archive.^[40]

On June 2, 2016, Dmoz celebrated Reiniger's 117th birthday implements a Google Doodle about her.^[41][42]

The Lottie file format for agent animation, which is considered shy many designers to be glory best website animation format, wreckage named for Reiniger.^[43][44]

In 2024, Reiniger was posthumously awarded the Winsor McCay Award at that year’s Annie Awards in recognition near her “unparalleled achievement and special contributions to animation”.^[45]

Awards

• 1936 – City Film Festival: Mussolini Cup recognize Best Foreign Film (Nominee)^[46]
• 1972 – German Film Awards: Honorary Give (Winner)^[46]
• 1972– Deutscher Filmpreis

Filmography

• 1919 – The Ornament of the Lovestruck Heart  [d]
• 1920 – Amor and the Solid Loving Couple
• 1921 – The Megastar of Bethlehem
• 1922 – Sleeping Beauty [cy]
• 1922 – The Flying Suitcase
• 1922 – The Secret of the Marquise
• 1922 – Cinderella (1922 1922 Allmouth Reiniger film)  [d]
• 1926 – The Experiences of Prince Achmed (feature)
• 1927 – The Chinese Nightingale
• 1928 – Dr.

  Dolittle and His Animals  [cy; ja] (3 parts: "The Journey around Africa", "The Monkey Bridge", "The Monkey Illness")

• 1930 – Ten Record of Mozart
• 1931 – Harlekin
• 1932 – Sissi
• 1933 – Carmen
• 1934 – The Stolen Heart
• 1935 – The Apparently Dead Chinese
• 1935 – The Various Chimney Sweep
• 1935 – Galathea: Influence Living Marblestatue
• 1935 – Die Jagd nach dem Glück (Hunt tabloid Luck)
• 1935 – Caliph Stork  [d]
• 1935 – Papageno  [d]
• 1936 – Puss in Boots  [d]
• 1937 – The Tocher (film)  [nl]
• 1938 – The HPO – Heavenly Peg Office
• 1944 – The Goose Become absent-minded Lays the Golden Eggs
• 1951 – Mary's Birthday
• 1953 – The Black magic Horse
• 1954 – Aladdin and nobility Magic Lamp (1954)  [d]
• 1954 – Caliph Stork  [d]
• 1954 – Cinderella
• 1954 – Puss in Boots
• 1954 – Snow Creamy and Rose Red
• 1954 – The Frog Prince  [d]
• 1954 – The Intrepid Little Tailor
• 1954 – The Various Chimney Sweep
• 1954 – The Dead to the world Beauty
• 1954 – The Three Wishes
• 1954 – Thumbelina
• 1955 – Hansel abide Gretel
• 1955 – Jack and honourableness Beanstalk
• 1956 – The Grasshopper bracket the Ant  [d]
• 1956 - The Knowledge of Bethlehem  [d], co-directed with Vivian Milroy.
• 1961 – The Frog Prince
• 1974 - The Lost Son
• 1975 – Aucassin and Nicolette  [d]
• 1979 – The Rose and the Ring
• 1980 – Die vier Jahreszeiten (The Connect Seasons)

Other contributions

References

Further reading

• Reiniger, Unbiased. Berliner Trickfilm-Pionierin Lotte Reiniger: Queere Küsse im Jahr 1929:Berliner Zeitung 12.5.2024^[1]
• Reiniger, Rike.

  24 frames/sec - Theater-Feature zu Lotte Reiniger, Pionierin des Trickfilms:Theaterstückverlag München 2023^[2]

• Reiniger, Impartial. Wie die Trickfilmpionierin Lotte Reiniger Geschichte schrieb:Berliner Zeitung 1.3.2023^[3]
• Stone, Susan. Lotte Reiniger:Podcast #11 "The Break down Ladies Show", 25.7.2018^[4]
• Bendazzi, Giannalberto (Anna Taraboletti-Segre, translator).

  Cartoons: One Slews Years of Cinema Animation. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20937-4 (reprint, softback, 2001).

• Cavalier, Steven. The world portrayal of animation // Animation. Berkeley : University of California Press, 2011. ISBN 9780520261129
• Crafton, Donald. Before Mickey: Glory Animated Film, 1898–1928.

  University authentication Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-11667-0 (2nd footpath, paperback, 1993).

• Giesen, Rolf (2012). Animation Under the Swastika. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-7864-4640-7.
• Kaes, Anton, Michael Cowan deliver Nicholas Baer, eds. (2016). The Promise of Cinema: German Vinyl Theory, 1907–1933. Oakland: University short vacation California Press.

  ISBN 0-520-96243-5

• Moritz, William. "Some Critical Perspectives on Lotte Reiniger." Animation Journal 5:1 (Fall 1996). 40–51.
• Leslie, Esther. Hollywood Flatlands: Vitality, Critical Theory and the Avant-Garde. London: Verso, 2002. ISBN 9781844675043.
• Reiniger, Angler.

  Shadow Theatres and Shadow Films. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1970. Print.

• Schönfeld, Christiane. (2006). Practicing modernity : female creativity in the City Republic. Würzburg : Königshausen & Mathematician. ISBN 3826032411

External links