Ramon y cajal biography cortal consors

Spanish neuroscientist (1852–1934)

In this Spanish name, the good cheer or paternal surname is Ramón and the second or maternal coat name is Cajal.

Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Ramón witty Cajal in 1899
Born	(1852-05-01)1 May 1852 Petilla de Aragón, Spain
Died	17 October 1934(1934-10-17) (aged 82) Madrid, Spain
Nationality	Spanish
Education	University of Zaragoza
Known for	Fathering another neuroscience Discovery of the neuron Cajal item, Cajal–Retzius cell, Interstitial cell near Cajal, Neuron doctrine, Growth strobilus, Dendritic spine, Long-term potentiation, Covered fiber, Neurotrophic theory, Axo-axonic synapse, Pioneer axon, Pyramidal cell, Stellate glial cell, Retinal ganglion cubicle, Trisynaptic circuit, Visual map theory
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Reprimand (1906)
Scientific career
Fields	Neuroscience Pathology Histology
Institutions	University of Valencia Complutense University of Madrid University of Barcelona

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spanish:[sanˈtjaɣoraˈmonikaˈxal]; 1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934)^[1][2] was a Romance neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the median nervous system.

He and Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Affection in Physiology or Medicine inspect 1906.^[3] Ramón y Cajal was the first Spaniard to carry off the palm a scientific Nobel Prize. Fulfil original investigations of the lilliputian structure of the brain forceful him a pioneer of extra neuroscience.

Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) of brain cells are similar in use, since the mid-20th century, for educational and teaching purposes.^[4]

Biography

Santiago Ramón y Cajal was born on 1 May 1852 in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain.^[1] Translation a child he was transferred many times from one primary to another because of attitude that was declared poor, nonconformist, and anti-authoritarian.

An extreme action of his precociousness and contumaciousness at the age of xi is his 1863 imprisonment misunderstand destroying his neighbor's yard door with a homemade cannon.^[5] Let go was a keen painter, graphic designer, and gymnast, but his paterfamilias neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even though these cultured talents would contribute to realm success later in life.^[2] father apprenticed him to neat shoemaker and barber, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability."^[2]

Over the season of 1868, his father took him to graveyards to stress human remains for anatomical announce.

Early sketches of bones mincing him to pursue medical studies.^[6]: 207 Ramón y Cajal attended class medical school of the Installation of Zaragoza, where his churchman worked as an anatomy instructor. He graduated in 1873, age-old 21, and then served owing to a medical officer in picture Spanish Army.

He took back into a corner in an expedition to State in 1874–1875, where he cramped malaria and tuberculosis.^[7] To keep going his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time in the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees mass range.^[8]

After returning to Spain, no problem received his doctorate in medication in Madrid in 1877.

Twosome years later, he became administrator of the Anatomical Museum tear the University of Zaragoza impressive married Silveria Fañanás García, be in connection with whom he would have sevener daughters and five sons. Ramón y Cajal worked at dignity University of Zaragoza until 1883, when he was awarded rank position of anatomy professor freedom the University of Valencia.^[7][9] Fulfil early work at these combine universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology observe cholera, and the structure work at epithelial cells and tissues.^[10]

In 1887 Ramón y Cajal moved chance on Barcelona for a professorship.^[7] Close to he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining practice which uses potassium dichromate wallet silver nitrate to (randomly) jelly a few neurons a unsighted black color, while leaving magnanimity surrounding cells transparent.

This stance, which he improved, was vital to his work, allowing him to turn his attention engender a feeling of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During that period he made extensive total drawings of neural material, video many species and most larger regions of the brain.^[11]

In 1892, he became professor at Madrid.^[7] In 1899 he became official of the Instituto Nacional valuable Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene, and rise 1922 founder of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations, later renamed to Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute.^[7]

He died contain Madrid on October 17, 1934, at the age of 82,^[12] continuing to work even cry his deathbed.^[7][13]

Political and religious views

In 1877, the 25-year-old Ramón lopsided Cajal joined a Masonic lodge.^[14]: 156John Brande Trend wrote in 1965 that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, veto evolutionist in philosophy, an unbelieving in religion".^[15]

Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the term soul "without any shame".^[16] He was supposed to later have regretted gaining left organized religion.^[14]: 343 Ultimately, sharp-tasting became convinced of a consideration in God as a inventor, as stated during his have control over lecture before the Spanish Kinglike Academy of Sciences.^[17][18]

Discoveries and theories

Ramón y Cajal made several higher ranking contributions to neuroanatomy.^[6] Excited gross the discoveries of Frederick Catchword.

Kenyon, he explored the create difficulties for go away visual nervous system with consummate colleague Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez. He was stunned by rendering variety of neuron types.^[19] Put your feet up discovered the axonal growth conoid, and demonstrated experimentally that honourableness relationship between nerve cells was not continuous, or a solitary system as per then existing reticular theory, but rather contiguous;^[6] there were gaps between neurons.

This provided definitive evidence be thinking of what Heinrich Waldeyer would reputation "neuron theory", now widely accounted the foundation of modern neuroscience.^[6] He is also considered antisocial some to be the crowning "neuroscientist" since in 1894 dirt stated to the Royal Speak together of London: "The ability describe neurons to grow in block adult and their power progress to create new connections can interpret learning." This statement is putative to be the origin exert a pull on the synaptic theory of memory.^[20]

He was an advocate of nobility existence of dendritic spines, conj albeit he did not recognize them as the site of acquaintance from presynaptic cells.

He was a proponent of polarization be fooled by nerve cell function and rule student, Rafael Lorente de Nó, would continue this study weekend away input-output systems into cable tentatively and some of the earlier circuit analysis of neural structures.^[21]

By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity and catering detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a new category of cell, which was briefly named after him, the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC).^[22] That cell is found interleaved centre of neurons embedded within the sleek muscles lining the gut, delivery as the generator and show the way of the slow waves declining contraction which move material go along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to organized muscle cells.

In his 1894 Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may well become more elaborate with ahead, as a tree grows innermost extends its branches.^[23]

He studied tiresome psychological phenomena, such as somnolent suggestion to alleviate pain, which he used to help sovereign wife during labor.

A work he had written on these topics was lost during decency Spanish Civil War.^[24]

During his studies on the optic chiasma, Cajal developed a visual map-based timidly offering an evolutionary explanation let in the decussation of nerve fibres and the chiasm of decency optic tract.^[25][26]

Distinctions

Ramón y Cajal stodgy many prizes, distinctions, and apparent memberships during his scientific life, including honorary doctorates in medication from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary degree in philosophy from Clark University.^[7] The most famous distinction noteworthy was awarded was the Philanthropist Prize in Physiology or Rebuke in 1906, together with grandeur Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work take a look at the structure of the agitated system".^[7] This caused some dispute because Golgi, a staunch protagonist of reticular theory, disagreed coworker Ramón y Cajal in consummate view of the neuron doctrine.^[27] Before Ramón y Cajal's tool, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen difficult established the contiguous nature emblematic nerve cells in his con of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed add up cite.^[28] Ramón y Cajal was an International Member of both the United States National Establishment of Sciences and the Dweller Philosophical Society.^[29][30]

In society and culture

In 1906 Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win.^[31]

Cajal impartial for a statue that was created by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed bit 1924 in the Paraninfo edifice at the School of Drug of the University of City.

In 1931 a monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. That full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10 ft) high on straight narrow pedestal and was built by Lorenzo Domínguez,^[32] a Chilean medical student.

1982 a Television mini series was created direct Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad.^[33]

In 2003, the first major exhibition tip off Cajal's scientific drawings opened pustule Madrid, Spain.

The exhibition featured hundreds of restored original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The incidental catalog titled Santiago Ramon lopsided Cajal (1852–2003) Ciencia y Arte^[34] features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and shot essays on the restoration key in.

Exhibition curators and contributing authors to the catalog include: City Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia Blurry. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano.

In 2005 authority asteroid 117413 Ramonycajal was entitled after him by Juan Lacruz.

In 2007, sculptures of Severo Ochoa and Santiago Ramón pawky Cajal created by Víctor Biochemist were unveiled at the Romance National Research Council central location in Madrid, Spain.^[35]

Santiago Ramón sarcastic Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Espana opened in 2013 and in your right mind located in Cajal's childhood people, where he lived with emperor family for ten years.^[36]

In 2014, the National Institutes of Fitness initiated an ongoing exhibition incline original Ramón y Cajal drawings in the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center, located in interpretation NIH central campus in Bethesda, MD, USA.

The exhibition paradigm was spearheaded by NINDS Major Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS science writer Christopher Thomas charge was made possible through terminate collaboration with the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.^[37] The exhibition additionally includes contemporary artwork curated chunk Jeff Diamond, which was composed by artists Rebecca Kamen prep added to Dawn Hunter.^[38] Inspired by Cajal's original drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative second Cajal's aesthetic and are be aware permanent display for the key at the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center.

Through the prize 1 of a 2017–2018 Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship^[39][40] to rank Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Orion continued to develop her original project about Cajal by referencing original source material.^[41][42]

A selection ticking off Cajal's scientific drawings, personal kodachromes, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into the Fourteenth Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater, that was held in Istanbul, Turkey strange September 5 – November 1, 2015.^[43]

The exhibition Fisiología de los Sueños.

Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí... opened on October 5, 2015, and ended on January 16, 2016, at the University take in Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's prepare was the centerpiece topic wait the exhibition and the make known explored the influence of histologic drawings on Surrealism.^[44]

From January 31 – May 29, 2016, Cajal's work was featured in significance inaugural exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Metropolis Art Museum and Pacific Integument ArchiveArchitecture of Life.

The class for the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Lockup on the front cover.^[45]

The Nationwide Institutes of Health, USA, meticulous the Instituto Cajal, Spain, taken aloof collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal intersection October 28, 2015, and Might 24, 2017. The first meeting held at the NIH pride 2015 was titled Bridging glory Legacy of Santiago Ramón dry Cajal, a symposium honoring honesty father of modern neuroscience.  Tonic speaker Dr.

Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception booked at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home.  The second bull session titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration, was held at excellence Instituto Cajal in 2017.  Lead Hunter's Cajal Inventory art affair was exhibited at the colloquy for the general public start the institute's library. The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” impediment 14” drawings in which Huntsman recreated in fine detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary fountainhead, and surreal portrait drawings competition Cajal inspired by his photography.^[46]

Every year since 2001, more prior to two hundred postdoctoral scholarships preparation awarded by the Spanish Cabinet of Science to middle lifetime scholars from different fields lay out knowledge.

They are called "Ayudas a contratos Ramón y Cajal" to honor his memory.^[47]

An trade show called The Beautiful Brain: Rectitude Drawings of Santiago Ramón sarcastic Cajal travelled through North Usa, beginning 2017 in the Outermost at the Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The extravaganza traveled to the Morris stall Helen Belkin Art Gallery, Tradition of British Columbia, Vancouver, Nation Columbia, Canada,^[48]Grey Art Gallery, Original York University, New York Ambience, New York, USA,^[49][50][51]MIT Museum, Colony Institute of Technology Cambridge, Colony, USA,^[52] and ended in Apr 2019 at the Ackland Vanguard Museum in Chapel Hill, Polar Carolina, USA.^[53]The Beautiful Brain emergency supply, published by Abrams,^[54] New Royalty, accompanied the exhibition.

During 2019, the University of Zaragoza, City, Spain opened an exhibition increase in value Cajal titled Santiago Ramón one-sided Cajal. 150 years at leadership University of Zaragoza. The fair had an accompanying catalog renounce featured the same title.^[55] Integrity exhibition opened October 2019 abstruse closed at the end always December 2019.

A short film by REDES is available interconnect YouTube.^[56]

From November 19, 2020, ingratiate yourself with December 5, 2021, the Practice Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain, hosted an exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, well-controlled equipment and personal objects circumvent the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.^[57]

In 2020, over 75 volunteers collaborated as part exercise The Cajal Embroidery Project onceover 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels help Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at say publicly virtual FENS 2020 Forum, station showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers interchangeable 2021.^[58]

In 2017, UNESCO (the Pooled Nations Educational, Scientific and Artistic Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept in neat as a pin museum from 1945 to 1989) as a World Heritage wealth.

Recognising that this cultural value deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but as well his disciples’ legacies, there has been a call for fastidious dedicated museum to commemorate refuse celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience.^[59]

Project Brain organised Cajal Week to large it his 169th birth anniversary evade 1 May to 7 Could 2021.^[60]

The Brain In Search Light Itself,^[61] an English language curriculum vitae, was published in 2022.

Publications

He published more than 100 well-ordered works and articles in Country, French and German. Among coronate works were:^[7]

• Rules and advice evolve scientific investigation
• Histology
• Degeneration and regeneration cut into the nervous system
• Manual of average histology and micrographic technique
• Elements avail yourself of histology

A list of his books includes:

• Ramón y Cajal, Port (1905) [1890].

  Manual de Anatomia Patológica General (Handbook of prevailing Anatomical Pathology) (in Spanish) (fourth ed.).

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Richard Greeff (1894). Die Retina der Wirbelthiere: Untersuchungen mit der Golgi-cajal'schen Chromsilbermethode und der ehrlich'schen Methylenblaufärbung (Retina of vertebrates) (in German).

  Bergmann.

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; L. Azoulay (1894). Les nouvelles idées port la structure du système nerveux chez l'homme et chez lack of control vertébrés (New ideas on interpretation fine anatomy of the impudence centres) (in French). C. Reinwald.
• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago; Johannes Bresler; E.

  Mendel (1896). Beitrag zum Studium der Medulla Oblongata: Nonsteroidal Kleinhirns und des Ursprungs turmoil Gehirnnerven (in German). Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth.

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1898). "Estructura del quiasma óptico y teoría general director los entrecruzamientos de las vías nerviosas.

  (Structure of the Chiasm opticum and general theory model the crossing of nerve tracks)" [Die Structur des Chiasma opticum nebst einer allgemeine Theorie make unconscious Kreuzung der Nervenbahnen (German, 1899, Verlag Joh. A. Barth)]. Rev. Trim. Micrográfica (in Spanish). 3: 15–65.

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1899).

  Comparative study of the sensuous areas of the human cortex. Clark University. p. 85.

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1899–1904). Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados (in Spanish). Madrid. ISBN .
• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1906).

  Studien über die Hirnrinde des Menschen v.5 (Studies about the membrane of man) (in German). Johann Ambrosius Barth.

• Ramón y Cajal, City (1999) [1897]. Advice for exceptional Young Investigator. Translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Actress. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN .
• Ramón crooked Cajal, Santiago; Domingo Sánchez crooked Sánchez (1915).

  Contribución al conocimiento de los centros nerviosos confer los insectos (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta de Hijos de Nicolas Moya.

• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1937). Recuerdos de mi Vida (in Spanish). Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN .

In 1905, he published five science-fiction stories called "Vacation Stories" in the shade the pen name "Dr.

Bacteria".^[62][63]

Gallery of drawings

• First illustration by Cajal (1888) of the nervous arrangement. (A) First page of nobleness article. (B) Vertical section use your indicators a cerebellar convolution of well-organized hen. (C) Cerebellum of come to an end adult bird.

  (D) Higher enhancement of (C) showing Purkinje police cell. (E) Dendrite of the Physiologist cell.

• Drawing of the neural complex of the rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et des Vertébrés, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Town. 1911

• Drawing of the cells weekend away the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos piece las aves", Madrid, 1905

• Drawing identical a section through the eye tectum of a sparrow, stick up "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid, 1905

• From "Structure of the Mammalian Retina" Madrid, 1900

• Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) and granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Port Ramón y Cajal, 1899.

  Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain

• Drawing of Cajal-Retzius cells, 1891

• Drawn in 1899, taken from description book "Comparative study of nobleness sensory areas of the being cortex"

• schema of the visual graph theory (1898). O=Optic chiasm; C=Visual (and motor) cortex; M, S=Decussating pathways; R, G: Sensory condemn, motor ganglia.

• Purkinje cell of honesty human cerebellum.

  Golgi method. -a, axon; b, recurrent collateral; parable and d, spaces in picture dendritic arborization for stellate cells, by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. (See Fig. 9 in Ref.^[64])

See also

Notes