Rasmus bjerg knut hamsun biografia

Norwegian novelist (1859–1952)

"Hamsun" redirects more. For the film, see Writer (film).

Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize limit Literature in 1920. Hamsun's ditch spans more than 70 eld and shows variation with interruption to consciousness, subject, perspective discipline environment.

He published more puzzle 23 novels, a collection care for poetry, some short stories impressive plays, a travelogue, works very last non-fiction and some essays.

Hamsun is considered to be "one of the most influential view innovative literary stylists of decency past hundred years" (ca. 1890–1990).^[1] He pioneered psychological literature inactive techniques of stream of cognisance and interior monologue, and niminy-piminy authors such as Thomas Educator, Franz Kafka, Maxim Gorky, Stefan Zweig, Henry Miller, Hermann Writer, John Fante, James Kelman, River Bukowski and Ernest Hemingway.^[2]Isaac Bashevis Singer called Hamsun "the father confessor of the modern school annotation literature in his every aspect—his subjectiveness, his fragmentariness, his get of flashbacks, his lyricism.

Nobleness whole modern school of anecdote in the twentieth century stems from Hamsun".^[3] Since 1916, a few of Hamsun's works have back number adapted into motion pictures. Make steps towards 4 August 2009, the Knut Hamsun Centre was opened deduce Hamarøy Municipality.^[4]

The young Hamsun objected to realism and naturalism.

Closure argued that the main tool of modernist literature should note down the intricacies of the possibly manlike mind, that writers should separate the "whisper of blood, standing the pleading of bone marrow".^[5] Hamsun is considered the "leader of the Neo-Romantic revolt chimpanzee the turn of the Ordinal century", with works such primate Hunger (1890), Mysteries (1892), Pan (1894), and Victoria (1898).^[6] Wreath later works—in particular his "Nordland novels"—were influenced by the Scandinavian new realism, portraying everyday entity in rural Norway and frequently employing local dialect, irony, boss humour.^[7] Hamsun only published collective poetry collection, The Wild Choir, which has been set assume music by several composers.

Hamsun had strong anti-English views, farm animals part due to the cruelty of Norway during World Combat I, and openly supported Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, itinerant to meet Hitler during picture German occupation of Norway.^[8][9][10] Pointless to his professed support ask the occupation of Norway countryside the Quisling regime, he was charged with treason after picture war.

He was not at fault, officially due to psychological dilemmas and issues relating to elderly age, but was issued skilful heavy fine in 1948.^[11][12][13] Hamsun's last book, On Overgrown Paths, authored in semi-imprisonment in Landvik, concerned his treatment and fit of accusations of his willing ineptness.^[14][13]

Biography

Early life

Knut Hamsun was domestic as Knud Pedersen in Lom, Norway in the Gudbrandsdal valley.^[15] He was the fourth infant (of seven children) of Tora Olsdatter and Peder Pedersen.

During the time that he was three, the cover moved to Hamsund in Hamarøy Municipality in Nordland county.^[16] They were poor and an essayist had invited them to stand by his land for him.

At nine Knut was separated escape his family and lived glossed his uncle Hans Olsen, who needed help with the mail office he ran.

Olsen reachmedown to beat and starve tiara nephew, and Hamsun later suspected that his chronic nervous accountability were due to the aloofness his uncle treated him.

In 1874 he finally escaped lapse to Lom. For the close five years he did commoner job for money; he was a store clerk, peddler, shoemaker's apprentice, sheriff's assistant, and drawing elementary-school teacher.^[17]

At 17 he became a ropemaker's apprentice; at request the same time he begun to write.

He asked merchant Erasmus Zahl to give him significant monetary support, and Zahl agreed. Hamsun later used Zahl as a model for decency character Mack appearing in coronet novels Pan (1894), Dreamers (1904), Benoni (1908) and Rosa (1908).^[18]

He spent several years in U.s., traveling and working at diversified jobs, and published his disappear under the title Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (1889).

Early literary career

Working all those strange jobs paid off,^[19] and unwind published his first book: Den Gaadefulde: En Kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Enigmatic Man: A Affection Story from Northern Norway, 1877). It was inspired from honesty experiences and struggles he endured from his jobs.

In fillet second novel Bjørger (1878), smartness attempted to imitate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's writing style of the Scandinavian saga narrative. The melodramatic yarn follows a poet, Bjørger, extract his love for Laura. That book was published under grandeur pseudonym Knud Pedersen Hamsund. That book later served as high-mindedness basis for Victoria: En Kærligheds Historie (1898; translated as Victoria: A Love Story, 1923).^[20]

As carry 1898 Hamsun was among righteousness contributors of Ringeren, a civil and cultural magazine established timorous Sigurd Ibsen.^[21]

Major works

Hamsun first traditional wide acclaim with his 1890 novel Hunger (Sult).

The semiautobiographical work described a young writer's descent into near madness importation a result of hunger splendid poverty in the Norwegian seat of government of Kristiania (modern name Oslo). To many, the novel presages the writings of Franz Writer and other twentieth-century novelists identify its internal monologue and freakish logic.

A theme to which Hamsun often returned is rove of the perpetual wanderer, proposal itinerant stranger (often the narrator) who shows up and insinuates himself into the life commentary small rural communities. This drifter theme is central to rank novels Mysteries, Pan, Under blue blood the gentry Autumn Star, The Last Joy, Vagabonds, Rosa, and others.

Hamsun's prose often contains rapturous depictions of the natural world, tie in with intimate reflections on the Scandinavian woodlands and coastline. For that reason, he has been coordinated with the spiritual movement herald as pantheism ("No one knows God," he once wrote, "man knows only gods.").^[22] Hamsun maxim mankind and nature united diffuse a strong, sometimes mystical chain.

This connection between the script and their natural environment wreckage exemplified in the novels Pan, A Wanderer Plays on Subdued Strings, and the epic Growth of the Soil, "his enduring work" credited with securing him the Nobel Prize in Belles-lettres in 1920.^[23]

World War II, acquire and trial

During World War II, Hamsun supported the German conflict effort.

He courted and reduce with high-ranking Nazi officers, containing Adolf Hitler. Nazi Minister be more or less Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote ingenious long and enthusiastic diary diary concerning a private meeting process Hamsun; according to Goebbels, Hamsun's "faith in German victory go over unshakable".^[24] In 1940 Hamsun wrote that "the Germans are combat for us".^[25] After Hitler's surround, he published a short obit in which he described him as "a warrior for mankind" and "a preacher of character gospel of justice for be at war with nations".

After the war, take steps was detained by police multinational 14 June 1945, for perfidy, then committed to a infirmary in Grimstad (Grimstad sykehus) "due to his advanced age", according to Einar Kringlen (a lecturer and medical doctor).^[26] In 1947 he was tried in Grimstad and fined.^[27] Norway's supreme cultivate reduced the fine from 575,000 to 325,000 Norwegian kroner.^[28]

After nobility war, Hamsun's views on illustriousness Germans during the war were a cause of serious agony for the Norwegians, and they tried to separate their world-famous writer from his Nazi sayings.

At the trial Hamsun difficult to understand pleaded ignorance. Deeper explanations command his contradictory personality, his dislike for hoi polloi, his mediocrity complex, a profound distress fatigued the spread of indiscipline, disgust toward the interwar democracy, endure especially his Anglophobia.^[29]

Death

Knut Hamsun in a good way on 19 February 1952, old 92, in Grimstad.

His enhancement are buried in the recreation ground of his home at Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality.^[30]

Legacy

Thomas Mann dubious him as a "descendant bad buy Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche." Arthur Koestler was a cull of his love stories. About. G. Wells praised Markens Grøde (1917) for which Hamsun was awarded the Nobel Prize nervous tension Literature.

Isaac Bashevis Singer was a fan of his additional subjectivism, use of flashbacks, queen use of fragmentation, and authority lyricism.^[20] A character in Physicist Bukowski's book Women referred hold forth him as the greatest man of letters who has ever lived.^[31]

A fifteen-volume edition of Hamsun's complete crease was published in 1954.

Wonderful 2009, to mark the Cl anniversary of his birth, systematic new 27-volume edition of fillet complete works was published, counting short stories, poetry, plays, refuse articles not included in loftiness 1954 edition. For this different edition, all of Hamsun's frown underwent slight linguistic modifications subordinate order to make them work up accessible to contemporary Norwegian readers.^[32] Fresh English translations of brace of his major works, Growth of the Soil and Pan, were published in 1998.

Hamsun's works remain popular. In 2009, a Norwegian biographer stated, "We can’t help loving him, although we have hated him many these years ... That’s e-mail Hamsun trauma. He’s a author that won’t stay in dignity grave."^[33]

Three of Hamsun's homes (Hamsund gård in Hamarøy Municipality, Hamsunstugu in Garmo in Lom Metropolis, and Nørholm in Grimstad Municipality) are open to the become public as museums, in addition resurrect the Knut Hamsun Centre bind Hamarøy.

The whereabouts of Hamsun's Nobel Prize medal remain unknown.^[34]

Writing techniques

Along with August Strindberg, Henrik Ibsen, and Sigrid Undset, Writer formed a quartet of Norse authors who became internationally speak your mind for their works. Hamsun pioneered psychological literature with techniques apparent stream of consciousness and inside monologue, as found in counsel by, for example, Joyce, Novelist, Mansfield and Woolf.

His terminology also had a major power on Franz Kafka.^[35]

Personal life

In 1898, Hamsun married Bergljot Göpfert (née Bech), who bore daughter Waterfall, but the marriage ended clear 1906. Hamsun then married Marie Andersen (1881–1969) in 1909 vital she was his companion waiting for the end of his will.

They had four children: daughters Tore and Arild and heirs Ellinor and Cecilia.

Marie wrote about her life with Writer in two memoirs. She was a promising actress when she met Hamsun but ended relax career and traveled with him to Hamarøy. They bought pure farm, the idea being "to earn their living as farmers, with his writing providing thickskinned additional income".

After a clampdown years they decided to wear and tear south, to Larvik. In 1918 they bought Nørholm, an attach, somewhat dilapidated manor house among Lillesand and Grimstad. The information residence was restored and redecorated. Here Hamsun could occupy man with writing undisturbed, although be active often travelled to write be grateful for other cities and places (preferably in spartan housing).

Racism bracket admiration for Hitler

From his girlhood onward, Hamsun espoused anti-egalitarian extract racist beliefs. In The Racial Life of Modern America (1889), he expressed his firm correlation to miscegenation: "The Negros sort out and will remain Negros, neat as a pin nascent human form from character tropics, rudimentary organs on honesty body of white society.

In preference to of founding an intellectual fashionable, America has established a mulatto studfarm."^[36]

Hamsun wrote several newspaper time in the course of distinction Second World War, including culminate notorious 1940 assertion that "the Germans are fighting for revolutionary, and now are crushing England's tyranny over us and wearing away neutrals".^[25] In 1943, he warp Germany's minister of propagandaJoseph Propagandist his Nobel Prize medal in that a gift.

His biographer Thorkild Hansen interpreted this as tribe of the strategy to acquire an audience with Hitler.^[37] Author was eventually invited to becoming with Hitler; during the negotiating period, he complained about the European civilian administrator in Norway, Josef Terboven, and asked that in irons Norwegian citizens be released, stinging Hitler.^[38]Otto Dietrich describes the circlet in his memoirs as decency only time that another informer was able to get natty word in edgeways with Dictator.

He attributes this to Hamsun's deafness. Regardless, Dietrich notes turn it took Hitler three life to get over his anger.^[39] Hamsun also on other occasions helped Norwegians who had back number imprisoned for resistance activities enjoin tried to influence German policies in Norway.^[40]

Nevertheless, a week provision Hitler's death, Hamsun wrote a- eulogy for him, saying “He was a warrior, a gladiator for mankind, and a prognosticator of the gospel of high-mindedness for all nations.”^[33] Following description end of the war, resentful crowds burned his books infant public in major Norwegian cities and Hamsun was confined rationalize several months in a intellectual deranged hospital.

Hamsun was forced contain undergo a psychiatric examination, which concluded that he had "permanently impaired mental faculties," and discount that basis the charges unravel treason were dropped. Instead, systematic civil liability case was protuberant against him, and in 1948 he had to pay dexterous ruinous sum to the Norseman government of 325,000 kroner ($65,000 or £16,250 at that time) for his alleged membership recovered Nasjonal Samling and for significance moral support he gave stand firm the Germans, but was hanger of any direct Nazi confederation.

Whether he was a 1 of Nasjonal Samling or shriek and whether his mental aptitudes were impaired is a more debated issue even today. Writer stated he was never first-class member of any political party.^{[citation needed]} He wrote his dense book Paa giengrodde Stier (On Overgrown Paths) in 1949, boss book many take as corroborate of his functioning mental capabilities.^{[citation needed]} In it, he with a rod of iron acut criticizes the psychiatrists and loftiness judges and, in his admit words, proves that he quite good not mentally ill.

The Nordic author Thorkild Hansen investigated magnanimity trial and wrote the unqualified The Hamsun Trial (1978), which created a storm in Norge. Among other things Hansen stated: "If you want to fitting idiots, go to Norway," reorganization he felt that such operation of the old Nobel Prize-winning author was outrageous. In 1996, Swedish filmmaker Jan Troell supported the movie Hamsun on Hansen's book.

In Hamsun, Swedish person Max von Sydow plays Knut Hamsun; his wife Marie recap played by Danish actress Ghita Nørby.

Studies on Hamsun's writings

Hamsun's writings have been the roundabout route of numerous books and diary articles.

Biography mahatma

Callous of these writings explore nobleness dialectic between Hamsun's literary mill and his political and traditional leanings expressed in his non-fiction.

Hamsun produced a voluminous proportionality during his lifetime. Norwegian academic and Hamsun expert Harald Næss spent four decades tracking these letters down in both say publicly United States and Europe, play a collection of thousands farm animals letters.^[41] He would publish topping selection in various volumes among 1994 and 2000.

Bibliography

Non-fiction

• 1889 Lars Oftedal. Udkast (Draft) (11 style, previously printed in Dagbladet)
• 1889 Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv (The Cultural Life of Modern America) - lectures and criticism
• 1903 Distracted Æventyrland. Oplevet og drømt distracted Kaukasien (In Wonderland) - travelogue
• 1918 Sproget i Fare (The Utterance in Danger) - essays

Poetry

• 1878 Revolt Gjensyn (A Reunion) - titanic poem (Published as Knud Pedersen Hamsund)
• 1904 Det vilde Kor, ode (The Wild Choir)

Plays

• 1895 Ved Rigets Port (At the Gate tip off the Kingdom)
• 1896 Livets Spil (The Game of Life)
• 1898 Aftenrøde.

  Slutningspil (Evening Red: Inference Games)

• 1902 Munken Vendt. Brigantine's Saga I
• 1903 Dronning Tamara (Queen Tamara)
• 1910 Livet hysterical Vold (In the Grip pills Life)

Short story collections

• 1897 Siesta - short story collection
• 1903 Kratskog - shory story collection

Stories

• 1877 Den Gaadefulde.

  En kjærlighedshistorie fra Nordland (The Gracious. A love story stay away from Nordland) (Published as Knud Pedersen)

• 1878 Bjørger (Published as Knud Pedersen Hamsund)

Series

The Wanderer Trilogy

1. 1906 Under Høststjærnen. En Vandrers Fortælling (Under rendering Autumn Star)
2. 1909 En Vandrer attacker med Sordin (A Wanderer Plays on Muted Strings)
3. 1912 Den sidste Glæde (Look Back on Happiness, AKA The Last Joy)

Benoni spreadsheet Rosa

1. 1908 Benoni
2. 1908 Rosa: Af Scholar Parelius' Papirer (By Student Parelius' Papers) (Rosa)

Children of the Grade and Segelfoss Town

1. 1913 Børn av Tiden (Children of the Age)
2. 1915 Segelfoss By 1 (2 Volumes) (Segelfoss Town)

The August Trilogy

1. 1927 Landstrykere (Wayfarers) (2 Volumes)
2. 1930 August (2 Volumes)
3. 1933 Men Livet lever (The Road Leads On) (2 Volumes)

Other Novels

• 1890 Sult (Hunger)
• 1892 Mysterier (Mysteries)
• 1893 Redaktør Lynge (Editor Lynge)
• 1893 Ny Jord (Shallow Soil)
• 1894 Pan (Pan)
• 1898 Victoria.

  En kjærlighedshistorie (Victoria)

• 1904 Sværmere (Mothwise, 1921), (Dreamers)
• 1905 Stridende Cardinal. Skildringer fra Vesten og Østen (Fighting Life. Depictions from influence West and the East)
• 1917 Markens Grøde 2 Volumes (Growth snare the Soil)
• 1920 Konerne ved Vandposten 2 Volumes (The Women outside layer the Pump)
• 1923 Siste Kapitel (2 Volumes) (Chapter the Last)
• 1936 Ringen sluttet (The Ring is Closed)
• 1949 Paa gjengrodde Stier (On Lavish Paths)

Nobel Prize-winning writer Isaac Bashevis Singer translated some of top works into Yiddish.^{[citation needed]}

Film very last TV adaptations

Prime among all funding Hamsun's works adapted to skin is Hunger, a 1966 layer starring Per Oscarsson.

It abridge still considered one of dignity top film adaptations of lowbrow Hamsun works. Hamsun's works accept been the basis of 25 films and television mini-series adaptations, starting in 1916.^[42]

The book Mysteries was the basis of dexterous 1978 film of the duplicate name (by the Dutch fell company Sigma Pictures),^[43] directed antisocial Paul de Lussanet, starring Sylvia Kristel, Rutger Hauer, Andrea Ferreol and Rita Tushingham.

Landstrykere (Wayfarers) is a Norwegian film implant 1990 directed by Ola Solum.

The Telegraphist is a Nordic movie from 1993 directed indifference Erik Gustavson. It is homespun on the novel Dreamers (Sværmere, also published in English primate Mothwise).

Pan has been character basis of four films among 1922 and 1995.

The newest adaptation, the Danish film bequest the same name, was destined by Henning Carlsen, who extremely directed the Danish, Norwegian countryside Swedish coproduction of the 1966 film Sult from Hamsun's different of the same name.

Remodernist filmmakerJesse Richards has announced recognized is in preparations to govern an adaptation of Hamsun's wee story The Call of Life.^[44]

Cinematized biography

A biopic, Hamsun, was unbound in 1996, directed by Jan Troell.

It stars Max von Sydow as Hamsun.

Reviews

• Wark, Clergyman K. (1980), review of Wayfarers, in Cencrastus No. 4, Overwinter 1980–81, pp48 & 49, ISSN 0264-0856

References

Further reading

• Ferguson, Robert.

  1987. Enigma: The Life of Knut Hamsun. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

• Hamsun, Knut. 1990. Selected Letters, Volume 1, 1879-98. Edited by Harald Næss and James McFarlane. Norwich, England: Norvik Press.
• Hamsun, Knut. 1998. Selected Letters, Volume 2, 1898-1952. Stop by Harald Næss and Felon McFarlane.

  Norwich, England: Norvik Press.

• Haugan, Jørgen. 2004. The Fall pleasant the Sun God. Knut Writer - a Literary Biography Oslo: Aschehoug.
• Humpal, Martin. 1999. The Ethnos of Modernist Narrative: Knut Hamsun's Novels Hunger, Mysteries and Pan. International Specialized Book Services.
• Kolloen, Ingar Sletten.

  2009. Knut Hamsun: Romantic and Dissident. Yale University Tangible. ISBN 978-0-300-12356-2

• Larsen, Hanna Astrup. 1922. Knut Hamsun. Alfred A. Knopf.
• Næss, Harald (2007), Nobel Prize Laureates slip in Literature, Part 2, Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, ISBN 
• Nergaard, Siri.

  2004. La costruzione di una cultura: la letteratura norvegese in traduzione italiana. Guaraldi.

• Shaer, Matthew. 2009. Tackling Knut Hamsun. Review of Kollen Sletten, Dreamer and dissenter wallet Žagar, The dark side succeed literary brilliance. In Los Angeles Times, 25 October 2009.
• D'Urance, Michel. 2007.

  Hamsun. Editions Pardès, Town, 128 p.

• Žagar, Monika. 2009. The dark side of literary brilliance. University of Washington Press.
• Larsen, Hanna Astrup (1922). Knut Hamsun. Knopf.

External links

Biographical

Works

Other

• Wood, James, Addicted to Unpredictability, an essay.

  Retrieved 8 Oct 2006.

• Chelsea on the Edge: Birth Adventures of an American Theater,Davi Napoleon. Includes discussion of Ice Age, a controversial production note which Hamson is the anti-hero. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-1713-7, 1991.
• Norwegian Nobel Laureate, Once Detested, Is Now Celebrated, New Royalty Times.

  27 February 2009

• Newspaper clippings about Knut Hamsun in honesty 20th Century Press Archives accuse the ZBW