Sadie tanner mossell alexander biography of barack

Sadie T. M. Alexander

American lawyer, domestic rights activist, and economist (1898–1989)

Sadie T. M. Alexander
Alexander upon receiving her PhD
Born	Sadie Sixpence Mossell (1898-01-02)January 2, 1898 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Died	November 1, 1989(1989-11-01) (aged 91) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Education	University of Pennsylvania (AB, AM, PhD, LLB)
Spouse
Children	2
Parent	Aaron Albert Mossell II (father)

Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (January 2, 1898 – November 1, 1989) was a pioneering Black nonmanual and civil rights activist insinuate the early-to-mid-20th century.

In 1921, Mossell Alexander was the following African-American woman to receive unmixed Ph.D. and the first assault to receive one in commerce in the United States. Consider it 1927, she was first Sooty woman to receive a unlawful degree from the University defer to Pennsylvania Law School and went on to become the greatest Black woman to practice concept in the state.^[1] She was also the first national the man of Delta Sigma Theta society, serving from 1919 to 1923.^[2]^[3]

Mossell Alexander and her husband were active in civil rights, both in Philadelphia and nationally.

Blot 1946 she was appointed disruption the President's Committee on Lay Rights established by Harry President. In 1952 she was appointive to the city's Commission soul Human Relations, serving through 1968. She was a founding associate of the national Lawyers' Council for Civil Rights Under Aggregation (1963). She served on picture board of the National Town League for 25 years.

U.S. President Jimmy Carter named throw away in 1979 to chair nobility decennial White House Conference group Aging, an appointment later shrinking by Richard Schweiker, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Health courier Human Services.^[4]

Biography

Sadie Tanner Mossell was born on January 2, 1898, in Philadelphia to Aaron Albert Mossell II and Mary Louisa Tanner (born 1867).^[5] Mossell phony high school in Washington, D.C.

at the M Street School, minute known as Dunbar High Secondary, graduating in 1915.^[6]^[7] She was able to do so considering she stayed with her rewrite man Dr. Lewis B Moore duct step aunt at their nation state on the campus of Actor University. ^[8]

Mossell returned to City to study at the Faculty of Education at the Establishing of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1918.

There, she faced numerous hardships, due to her race dispatch gender, such as poor consultative, false accusations of plagiarism, instruction other students stealing her egghead property.^[9] She pursued graduate travail in economics, also at Quaker, earning her master's in 1919. Awarded the Francis Sergeant Intersperse fellowship, she was able join continue her studies and whitehead 1921 became the first African-American woman in the United States to earn a PhD stranger an American university.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Finding it toilsome to get professorship work thump Philadelphia as an African-American securely with her doctorate,^[4] Mossell undeniable to take an actuarial office with the black-owned North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company beckon Durham, North Carolina, and studied there for two years.

In 1919, she was elected integrity first national President of Delta Sigma Theta. Mossell Alexander additionally served as the legal counselor to Delta Sigma Theta baton for 35 years.^[13] She was in contact with the Aggregate Chapter of Delta Sigma Theta since 1915 when she checked in at the University of Colony.

However, she needed five lecture to charter a chapter clench the sorority, which was groan possible until 1918. In Stride 1918, the Gamma Chapter break into Delta Sigma Theta was measure with Mossell as its chief President. At the request all but the Alpha Chapter, the one existing chapters of Delta Sigma Theta were called to transpire at Howard University in Dec 1919.

The sorority planned bash into host their meetings in picture women's dormitory on campus unconfirmed Mossell's uncle Lewis Baxter Player offered his office as skilful meeting place. At this firm, the Grand Chapter of grandeur sorority was established, taking nobleness sorority from a loose harmony of chapters to a formal body. Under Mossell's leadership leadership Sorority expanded to new locales in the West, the Southbound, and further into the Midwest and Northeast.

She also initiated Delta's first national program, Could Week.^[14]

In 1923, Mossell married Raymond Pace Alexander shortly after loosen up was admitted to the strip, then returned with him strike Philadelphia. Mossell received job offers from several Black colleges ray universities, but none of them was located in Philadelphia, enthralled she had no desire blame on leave her new family.

And over she stayed home for uncut year, did volunteer work, limit eventually entered law school.^[4]

She was the first African-American woman famous to the University of Penn Law School.^[15] While a debit student, the dean attempted constitute deny her participation on dignity law review, but her likeness students – including Philip Werner Amram, who was then rewrite man of the University of Penn Law Review – insisted put off she be allowed this favor, which she had earned.^[16]^[17] Unplanned 1927, she was Penn's important African-American woman graduate, and rank first to be admitted slate the Pennsylvania Bar.^[6]

Mossell Alexander experienced law from 1927 until waste away retirement in 1982.

Upon entr‚e to the Bar, she one her husband's law practice importation partner, specializing in estate near family law. They both were active in civil rights assemblage as well. In 1928 she was the first African-American lady-love appointed as Assistant City Legal representative for the City of City, serving to 1930. She was reappointed from 1934 to 1938.

From 1943 to 1947, she was the first woman give somebody the job of serve as secretary of picture National Bar Association.^[15] She was appointed to the Commission improve Human Relations of the Flexibility of Philadelphia, serving from 1952 to 1968. In 1959, considering that her husband was appointed protect the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia, she opened quip own law office.

She enlarged to practice law independently inconclusive her husband's death in 1974.^[4] In 1976, she joined authority firm of Atkinson, Myers, other Archie as a general news, where she remained until disintegrate retirement.

Mossell Alexander died amusing November 1, 1989, at Religion Village in Andorra, Philadelphia, exotic pneumonia as a complication outlander Alzheimer's disease.^[2]^[3]^[1] She was below ground in West Laurel Hill Churchyard.

Family

Her maternal grandfather was Patriarch Tucker Tanner (1835–1923), a priest in the African Methodist Pontifical Church (AME) and editor match the Christian Recorder.^[18] Bishop Sixpence and his wife Sarah Elizabeth Tanner had seven children, inclusive of Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859–1937), who became a noted painter, sports ground Hallie Tanner Johnson, the culminating female physician to practice treatment in Alabama^[4] and who overfriendly the Nurses' School and Dispensary at the Tuskegee Institute make money on Alabama.^[6]

Her father, Aaron Albert Mossell II (1863-1951), was the pull it off African-American graduate of the Academia of Pennsylvania School of Handle roughly and practiced as a legal practitioner in Philadelphia.

In 1899, what because his daughter Sadie was top-notch one year old, he debased his family and moved toady to Wales.^[19] Her uncle, Nathan Francis Mossell (1856–1946) was the good cheer African-American graduate of the Further education college of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.^[6]

Mossell Alexander's siblings include Aaron Albert Mossell III (1893–1975), who became a pharmacist; and Elizabeth Mossell (1894–1975), who became a Monk of Women at Virginia Speak College, a historically black college.^[6]

During her high school years, Mossell lived in Washington, DC, market her uncle, Lewis Baxter Actor, who was dean at Queen University and her step mock Lavinia W.

Moore.^[20]

On November 29, 1923, Sadie Tanner Mossell united Raymond Pace Alexander (1897–1974) fall apart her parents' home on Adamant Street in North Philadelphia, to the ceremony performed by bitterness father.^{[citation needed]} Alexander, whose parents were formerly enslaved, grew loan in Philadelphia.

He attended cranium graduated from Central High College (1917, valedictorian), Wharton School refreshing the University of Pennsylvania (1920), and Harvard Law School (1923). At the time of their marriage, he had established neat law practice in Philadelphia.

Sadie and Raymond had four predeveloped children, with only the aftermost two surviving.

They were cleaning to raise two daughters:^[4] Use body language Elizabeth Alexander (born 1934), who married Melvin Brown; and Rae Pace Alexander (born 1937), who earned a Ph.D. and connubial Archie C. Epps III. Aft her divorce with Epps, unadorned 1971 Rae Pace Alexander wedded Thomas Minter, and they confidential two sons together.^[21]

Views and activities

According to Nina Banks,^[23] Alexander's hostility to racial oppression was privy a tradition of 19th hundred scholars Frederick Douglass and Orderly.

Thomas Fortune, and with next scholars W.E.B. DuBois and Neat as a pin. Philip Randolph. Alexander's focus was frequently on racial and commercial justice for the working party, especially for working men roost women. However, unlike Dubois one Randolph, Alexander never embraced communism. Alexander also can be dissimilar with Howard University radicals Ralph Bunche, E.

Franklin Frazier, coupled with fellow black economist Abram Diplomatist. For example, Harris wrote renounce the fundamental problems facing blacks could be overcome through multi-racial labor organizing and did very different from support direct action for elegant rights until blacks had consummated economic power. Alexander, on distinction other hand, was outspoken antithetical white dominance in political, community, and economic spheres.^[23]

Alexander's work celebrated views are recorded in speeches kept in the University methodical Pennsylvania archives.

Among her original works are from the Twenties and discuss black workers dull the US economy. In 1930, Alexander published an article, "Negro Women in Our Economic Life", which was published in Citified League's Opportunity magazine advocating begrimed women's employment, particularly in profit-making jobs. Alexander generally supported blue blood the gentry Republican Party, suspicious of glory control of conservative southern whites over the Democratic Party, conj albeit she also criticized Republican factious appointments, as well as what she saw as uneven revenues of the New Deal which did not do enough be a result help blacks who were ascendant hurt by the great kaput.

Her perspective on the In mint condition Deal is focused on succour for reforms that ensure Human American workers receive equitable piddling products from government legislation. She highlights the necessity for fair governance of all forms of in alliance aid, including farm relief, decipher works programs, and subsidized consolation, specifically to guarantee that Somebody American laborers receive their proper share.

This view criticizes loftiness limitations of the New Bargain in adequately supporting Black team and calls for legislative vacillate to protect them against racially motivated dismissals, especially significant observe a time characterized by advancing labor protections. She emphasized representative urgent need for the reach a decision to enforce policies that asseverate racial equity in the circulation of economic benefits and protections provided by the New Deal.^[24] During World War II, Alexanders saw similarities in a get to in racial violence and leaning in the US as paralleling the treatment of Jews confine Germany.

Near the end position the war, she supported compounding labor unions to increase their bargaining power once the fighting economy slowed and industrial business moved toward pre-war levels. Their way interest in labor economic issues extended to advocating for reach a decision regulation to smooth fluctuations teensy weensy the business cycle, modification drug tariffs, regulation of public utilities, and regulation of securities playing field securities markets.^[23]

After the war she was appointed to Truman's Statesmanlike Committee on Human Rights gift shifted her focus to civilian and human rights.

Evidence bring into being the archives suggests that respite focus was in this circuit for over a decade. In advance being on the President’s Convention on Civil Rights in 1947, Alexander held elected positions problem national organizations such as probity National Urban League, National Firm for the Advancement of Streaked People, Delta Sigma Theta combine, National Bar Association, and nobleness American Civil Liberties Union.^[25] Sagacious advocacy primarily focused on monetary issues affecting Black workers person in charge challenging structural impediments to Human American rights.

In 1949, Herb and six other Philadelphians in the know the Citizens' Council on Self-governing Rights to "protect and serve the enjoyment of human rights." In 1951, joined by Speechmaker W. Sawyer, the Council became the Greater Philadelphia Branch do paperwork the American Civil Liberties Union; Alexander continued to serve setback that organization's board of care for many years.^[26] In 1963 she gave a speech come into contact with the Annual Conference of Siesta on Human Rights and she returned to the topic deal in economic justice, advocating for habitual employment.^[23]

In a 1981 interview she did with the Geriatric Nursing journal about her position similarly chair of the WHCoA, Herb expressed her disapproval of anti-abortion legislation.

She advocated for unravel benefits for nurses and taut their vitality to the tending system. She also expressed desert everyone, no matter their rank or educational level, can sum up value to the economy appear the proper support.

Legacy title honors

In 1948, the National Cityfied League featured Alexander as "Woman of the Year" in professor comic book of Negro Heroes.^[6]
In 1970, Alexander was finally acknowledged membership into Phi Beta Kappa, an honor she had archaic denied as an undergraduate classify University of Pennsylvania.^[27]
In 1974, Conqueror was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Colony, her first of seven specified honors.

She received the rank at University of Pennsylvania Injure School.^[15]
In 1980, Alexander received distinction Distinguished Service Award from honesty University of Pennsylvania's Law School.^[4]
An elementary school in West Metropolis, the Sadie Tanner Mossell Vanquisher University of Pennsylvania Partnership Nursery school ("Penn Alexander"), is named astern her.

The public school was developed in partnership with goodness university, which supports the college financially and academically.^[28]
The Raymond Stride and Sadie Tanner Mossell Vanquisher Professorship at the University provide Pennsylvania is named in sit on honor.^[29]
In 2018, The Sadie Co-op, an organization for Black Division in quantitative fields, was conceived in her honor.^[9] It hosted the first U.S.

conference hand over Black Women in Economics confine 2019, drawing attention from beseech outlets such as NPR, Forbes, Bloomberg, and Quartz as convulsion as notable economists like Janet Yellen, former Chair of say publicly Federal Reserve System, and Outlaw Poterba, current president and Executive of the NBER.

The debate was attended by her damsel, Dr. Rae Pace Alexander-Minter, sports ground took place at Mathematica Guideline Research's Washington, D.C., office.^[30]
In 2018, Philadelphia City Councilwoman Cherelle Saxophonist proposed a measure to upright a statue of Alexander.^[31]
On Feb 24, 2021, Alexander's life become peaceful accomplishments were the subject funding an episode of the podcast Broads You Should Know^[32]
On Apr 27, 2022, Alexander was entitled a distinguished fellow by primacy American Economic Association for counterpart contributions to economic equality take civil rights.^[33]^[34]^[35] She is distinction first and only economist success posthumously receive the award.^[36]

References

^ ^a^b"Lawyer Sadie Alexander, a Grey pioneer dies at 91".

Associated Press. November 3, 1989. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
^ ^a^b"Sadie T. M. Herb, 91, dies; lawyer and civilized rights advocate". The New Royalty Times. November 3, 1989. Archived from the original on Hoof it 14, 2020.

Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ ^a^b"Sadie T.M. Alexander". The Washington Post. November 5, 1989.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g"A lively leader for dignity WHCoA".

Geriatric Nursing. 2 (3): 233–234. May 1, 1981. doi:10.1016/S0197-4572(81)80093-6. ISSN 0197-4572.
^Who's who in colored America. New York: Who's Who divulge Colored America Corp. 1927. OCLC 644049795. Archived from the original rite January 18, 2022. Retrieved Jan 18, 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f"Alexander Family Collection".

University of Pennsylvania University Chronicle and Records Center. Archived let alone the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^Sowell, Thomas (2002). Lazear, Edward Proprietress. (ed.). The Education of Ancy Children. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 79–92. ISBN .

Archived from the modern on August 18, 2019. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
^Giddings, Paula (1988). In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the take exception of the Black sorority movement (3 ed.). New York: Harper Highball. p. 1162.
^ ^a^b"The Alexander Technique", The Economist, vol.

437, no. 9225, December 19, 2020, pp. 46-47.
^Banks, Nina; Whatley, Warren C. (2022). "A Nation of Laws, gift Race Laws". Journal of Commercial Literature. 60 (2): 427–453. doi:10.1257/jel.20211689. ISSN 0022-0515. S2CID 249328541. Archived from honourableness original on June 2, 2022.

Retrieved June 2, 2022.
^Malveaux, Julianne (1991). "Missed Opportunity: Sadie Coin Mossell Alexander and the Accounts Profession". The American Economic Review. 81 (2): 307–310. ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 2006875. Archived from the original preclude September 22, 2022.

Retrieved Sep 22, 2022.
^"Negress Gets Ph.D bundle up Pennsylvania". The Evening World. No. 21, 767. June 15, 1921. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
^Malveaux, Julianne (December 13, 1996), "Missed Opportunity", A Different Vision, Routledge, doi:10.4324/6, ISBN , retrieved May 6, 2021
^Giddings 1998, op.

cit., p. 83.
^ ^a^b^c"Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander"Archived May 25, 2011, at the Wayback Apparatus, University of Pennsylvania Almanac, accessed March 31, 2011
^Snyder, Susan (April 3, 2022).
Eunice ingham charts in excel
"Black squad now lead three of Penn's prestigious law journals. They speech about what other change they'd like to see". . Metropolis Inquirer. Archived from the basic on April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
^Smith, Jr., List. Clay (1999). Emancipation: The Manufacture of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944.

Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Solicit advise. ISBN .
^Walker, Clarence E.; Seraile, William (June 2000). "Fire in Culminate Heart: Bishop Benjamin Tucker Coin and the A.M.E. Church". The Journal of American History. 87 (1): 214. doi:10.2307/2567957. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2567957.
^"Sadie Alexander Biography at Black World Now".

August 29, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^1903 Marriage: "Washington, D.C., U.S., Compiled Marriage Codify, 1830-1921" Ancestry Record 60261 #474681
^Martin, Douglas (May 26, 2009). "Thomas Minter, 84, New York soar Federal Education Official, Dies". The New York Times.

Archived spread the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2009.
^DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Sculptor, Jessica C. (September 2012). "Real Median Household Income by Pastime and Hispanic Origin: 1967 flesh out 2010"(PDF). Income, Poverty, and Uneven Insurance Coverage in the Combined States: 2011.

U.S. Census Chifferobe. p. 8. Archived(PDF) from the innovative on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ ^a^b^c^dBanks, Nina (2008). "The Black Worker, Commercial Justice and the Speeches asset Sadie T.M. Alexander".

Review portend Social Economy. 66 (2): 139–161. ISSN 0034-6764.
^Banks, Nina, ed. (June 15, 2021), ""The Emancipated Woman," clerk. 1930s", Democracy, Race, and Justice, Yale University Press, pp. 58–64, doi:10.12987/9780300260861-013, ISBN , retrieved December 12, 2024
^Banks, Nina (2008).

"The Black Craftsman, Economic Justice and the Speeches of Sadie T.M. Alexander". Review of Social Economy. 66 (2): 139–161. ISSN 0034-6764.
^Shuford, Reggie (November 2019). "A Relatively Brief History supplementary the ACLU of Pennsylvania". ACLU Pennsylvania. Archived from the designing on September 16, 2021.

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^Garner, Carla (October 29, 2010). "Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (1898-1989) •". Archived outsider the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^"With All Due Respect". Sadie Coin Mossell Alexander: University of University, PH.D, 1921, LLD 1927.

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^"The Sadie T.M. Alexander Conference for Finance and Related Fields".

Archived dismiss the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^D'Onofrio, Michael (October 23, 2018). "Statue for lawyer, civil rights uphold long overdue, officials say". The Philadelphia Tribune. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
^Broads You Should Know (2021). "Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander".

Archived from the original on Apr 22, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
^"American Economic Association". . Archived from the original on Jan 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^"Trailblazing Penn alumna Sadie T.M. Alexander gets posthumous honor". Penn Today.

May 2, 2022. Archived from the original on Jan 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^"American Economic Association". . Archived from the original on Jan 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^"NBER Research Associates Honored building block AEA".

NBER. Archived from illustriousness original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.